refactored the cli and forensics codebases as classes and into seperate

folders for readability and consistent API access

GEMINI.md

@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@
 This project serves as a centralized workspace for Capture The Flag (CTF) challenges and as a practical environment for learning Python.
 
 ## Project Intent
-The primary goal is to use the context of CTF challenges (forensics, crypto, web, etc.) to explore and explain Python concepts, automation, and tooling.
+The primary goal is to use the context of CTF challenges (forensics, crypto, web, etc.) to explore and explain Python concepts, automation, and tooling. 
+
+The user is a student learning about software architecture, clean code practices, and managing larger Python projects. All code cleanups and explanations should prioritize clear educational value and explain architectural decisions.
 
 ## Core Mandates for Gemini CLI
 1. **No Unsolicited Project Code Modifications:** Do NOT write or modify actual application/project implementation code files (e.g. within `src/` or core scripts) unless explicitly directed to do so. Only update test cases (e.g., in `tests/`) and markdown documentation files.
@@ -18,6 +20,8 @@ The primary goal is to use the context of CTF challenges (forensics, crypto, web
 When discussing new implementations, features, or additions:
 1. **Discussion**: Discuss implementation details and potential approaches.
 2. **The Pitch**: Provide a clear, technical pitch detailing the planned code modifications.
+   * **Full Code Diff**: The pitch/planning phase must include a full code diff of all proposed modifications to project files.
+   * **Step-by-Step Execution**: For lists of tasks or multiple changes, the agent must plan and execute each element separately one by one.
 3. **Implementation Cycle**: Once the user approves the pitch:
    * **Add Test Cases**: Write or update the corresponding test cases in the test files (e.g. `tests/test_forensics.py`) following the SDET instructions.
    * **Git Commit Current State**: Create a git commit of the current workspace state (including the new tests) *before* modifying any implementation files. The commit message MUST start with `[GEMINI]` as the author prefix (e.g., `git commit -m "[GEMINI] Write tests for forensics"`).

README.md

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Pure-Python, zero-dependency parsers extract metadata without using heavy extern
 *   `ctf flag`: Output the last captured flag from the configuration.
 
 ### Forensics Commands
-*   `ctf inspect <file>`: Detailed metadata inspection.
+*   `ctf forensics metadata <file>`: Detailed metadata inspection.
     *   `-i, --inode`: Output POSIX file attributes only.
     *   `-e, --exif`: Output EXIF/XMP/IPTC data and decoded hints.
     *   `-p, --physical`: Output physical parameters of the target media.

src/ctf/analysis.py

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# src/ctf/analysis.py
+# {{{ imports
+import re
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ RouteResult
+@dataclass
+class RouteResult:
+    route_name: str
+    executed: bool
+    success: bool
+    message: str
+    details: dict | None = None
+    extracted_flags: list[str] | None = None
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ AnalysisResult
+@dataclass
+class AnalysisResult:
+    success: bool
+    routes: list[RouteResult]
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ BaseRoute
+class BaseRoute(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class representing an analysis/solver route."""
+    def __init__(self, route_name: str):
+        self.route_name = route_name
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def is_applicable(self, file_path: Path) -> bool:
+        """Determines if this route is applicable to the given file."""
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def execute(self, file_path: Path) -> RouteResult:
+        """Executes the analysis route on the target file."""
+        pass
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ MetadataRoute
+class MetadataRoute(BaseRoute):
+    """Route that extracts metadata and parses comments/EXIF for flags."""
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("File Metadata Extraction")
+
+    def is_applicable(self, file_path: Path) -> bool:
+        # Metadata parsing is applicable to any file
+        return True
+
+    def execute(self, file_path: Path) -> RouteResult:
+        from ctf.forensics import get_metadata
+        from ctf.decoding import check_for_flag
+        
+        file_path = Path(file_path).resolve()
+        if not file_path.exists():
+            return RouteResult(
+                route_name=self.route_name,
+                executed=True,
+                success=False,
+                message=f"File not found: {file_path}"
+            )
+            
+        try:
+            meta = get_metadata(file_path)
+            extracted_flags = []
+            
+            # Scan comment, EXIF attributes, and decoded hints
+            if meta.comment:
+                extracted_flags.extend(check_for_flag(meta.comment))
+                
+            for val in meta.exif_data.values():
+                if isinstance(val, str):
+                    extracted_flags.extend(check_for_flag(val))
+                    
+            for dec_dict in meta.decoded_hints.values():
+                for dec_val in dec_dict.values():
+                    extracted_flags.extend(check_for_flag(dec_val))
+                    
+            extracted_flags = list(set(extracted_flags))
+            success = True
+            
+            if extracted_flags:
+                msg = f"Metadata inspected. Found {len(extracted_flags)} potential flag(s)."
+            else:
+                msg = "Metadata inspected. No obvious flags or decoded hints found."
+                
+            details = {
+                "Filename": meta.filename,
+                "Size": f"{meta.size} bytes",
+                "Detected Type": meta.detected_type,
+                "Magic": meta.magic,
+                "Has EXIF": "Yes" if meta.exif_data else "No",
+                "Has Comment": "Yes" if meta.comment else "No",
+                "Has Hints": "Yes" if meta.decoded_hints else "No",
+            }
+            
+            return RouteResult(
+                route_name=self.route_name,
+                executed=True,
+                success=success,
+                message=msg,
+                details=details,
+                extracted_flags=extracted_flags
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            return RouteResult(
+                route_name=self.route_name,
+                executed=True,
+                success=False,
+                message=f"Error extracting metadata: {str(e)}"
+            )
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ RoutingEngine
+class RoutingEngine:
+    """Manages CTF challenge solvers and dynamic route execution."""
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.routes: list[BaseRoute] = []
+
+    def register_route(self, route: BaseRoute):
+        self.routes.append(route)
+
+    def run_all(self, file_path: Path | None) -> AnalysisResult:
+        executed_results = []
+        
+        if not file_path:
+            # Add a non-executed default result for the metadata route
+            executed_results.append(RouteResult(
+                route_name="File Metadata Extraction",
+                executed=False,
+                success=False,
+                message="No file attached to analyze."
+            ))
+            return AnalysisResult(success=False, routes=executed_results)
+            
+        resolved_path = Path(file_path).resolve()
+        for route in self.routes:
+            if route.is_applicable(resolved_path):
+                executed_results.append(route.execute(resolved_path))
+                
+        success = any(r.success and r.extracted_flags for r in executed_results)
+        return AnalysisResult(success=success, routes=executed_results)
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ run_analysis
+def run_analysis(file_path: Path | None = None) -> AnalysisResult:
+    """Compatibility function that instantiates the RoutingEngine and runs all routes."""
+    engine = RoutingEngine()
+    engine.register_route(MetadataRoute())
+    return engine.run_all(file_path)
+# }}}

src/ctf/cli/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# src/ctf/cli/__init__.py
+# {{{ imports
+import click
+import sys
+from ctf.cli.basic import basic_group
+from ctf.cli.forensics import forensics_group
+from ctf.cli.steg import steg_group
+from ctf.cli.analyse import analyse_cmd
+from ctf.cli.flag import flag_cmd
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ debug_exception_handler
+def debug_exception_handler(type, value, tb):
+    """Unhandled exception hook to start post-mortem debugging in pdb."""
+    import traceback
+    import pdb
+    traceback.print_exception(type, value, tb)
+    print("\n[!] Unhandled exception. Entering post-mortem debugger...")
+    pdb.post_mortem(tb)
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ cli
+@click.group()
+@click.option("-d", "--debug", is_flag=True, help="Enable post-mortem debugging on errors.")
+def cli(debug):
+    if debug:
+        sys.excepthook = debug_exception_handler
+
+cli.add_command(forensics_group)
+cli.add_command(basic_group)
+cli.add_command(flag_cmd)
+cli.add_command(steg_group)
+cli.add_command(analyse_cmd)
+# }}}

src/ctf/cli/analyse.py

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# src/ctf/cli/analyse.py
+# {{{ imports
+import click
+from pathlib import Path
+from rich.console import Console
+from rich.panel import Panel
+from ctf.analysis import run_analysis
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ analyse_cmd
+@click.command(name="analyse")
+@click.option('-f', '--file', type=click.Path(exists=True), help="Path to the challenge file to analyze.")
+def analyse_cmd(file):
+    """Dynamically analyze and try to solve the active challenge using static routes."""
+    console = Console()
+    console.print("[bold blue][*] Starting dynamic challenge analysis...[/bold blue]\n")
+    
+    file_path = Path(file) if file else None
+    result = run_analysis(file_path)
+    
+    for route in result.routes:
+        title = f"Route: {route.route_name}"
+        if not route.executed:
+            console.print(Panel(
+                f"[yellow]{route.message}[/yellow]",
+                title=title,
+                border_style="yellow"
+            ))
+        elif route.success:
+            content = f"[green]{route.message}[/green]\n"
+            if route.details:
+                content += "\n[bold cyan]Details:[/bold cyan]\n"
+                for k, v in route.details.items():
+                    content += f"  • {k}: {v}\n"
+            if route.extracted_flags:
+                content += "\n[bold green]✓ Extracted Flags:[/bold green]\n"
+                for flag in route.extracted_flags:
+                    content += f"  [bold green]{flag}[/bold green]\n"
+            console.print(Panel(
+                content.strip(),
+                title=title,
+                border_style="green"
+            ))
+        else:
+            console.print(Panel(
+                f"[red]✗ {route.message}[/red]",
+                title=title,
+                border_style="red"
+            ))
+            
+    if result.success:
+        console.print("\n[bold green]✓ Analysis complete. Challenge solved successfully![/bold green]")
+    else:
+        console.print("\n[bold yellow]! Analysis complete. No clear flag found yet.[/bold yellow]")
+# }}}

src/ctf/cli/basic.py

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-# functions for commands needed
+# src/ctf/cli/basic.py
-# src/commands.py
+# {{{ imports
-
-# vim foldmethod=marker
 import click
 from pathlib import Path
+# }}}
 
 # {{{ basic_group
 # This defines a group with name basic which will nest other comands to be imported in the main loop
@@ -37,20 +36,20 @@ def set_flag_format(pattern: str, original: str):
     You can either specify the regex PATTERN directly, or provide an example flag 
     via the -o/--original option to generate and select from a list of suggested patterns.
     """
-    from ctf.utils import load_config, write_config, suggest_patterns
+    from ctf.config import Config
+    from ctf.utils import suggest_patterns
     
     if pattern is None and original is None:
         raise click.UsageError("Either PATTERN positional argument or --original/-o option must be specified.")
     if pattern is not None and original is not None:
         raise click.UsageError("Cannot specify both PATTERN and --original/-o option.")
         
-    config_path = "/home/venus/code/ctf/config.toml"
+    cfg = Config()
-    config = load_config(config_path)
     
-    if "Competition" not in config:
+    if "Competition" not in cfg.data:
-        config["Competition"] = {}
+        cfg.data["Competition"] = {}
         
-    comp_name = config["Competition"].get("competition", "")
+    comp_name = cfg.data["Competition"].get("competition", "")
         
     if original:
         if not original.strip():
@@ -66,8 +65,8 @@ def set_flag_format(pattern: str, original: str):
         val = click.prompt("Select a pattern index", type=click.IntRange(1, len(patterns)))
         pattern = patterns[val - 1]
         
-    config["Competition"]["flag_format"] = pattern
+    cfg.data["Competition"]["flag_format"] = pattern
-    write_config(config, config_path)
+    cfg.save(cfg.data)
     click.echo(f"Flag format set to: {pattern}")
 # }}}
 
@@ -77,16 +76,13 @@ def set_flag_format(pattern: str, original: str):
 @click.argument("name")
 def set_competition(name: str):
     """Set the name of the active competition."""
-    from ctf.utils import load_config, write_config
+    from ctf.config import Config
     
-    config_path = "/home/venus/code/ctf/config.toml"
+    cfg = Config()
-    config = load_config(config_path)
     
-    if "Competition" not in config:
+    if "Competition" not in cfg.data:
-        config["Competition"] = {}
+        cfg.data["Competition"] = {}
-        
+    cfg.data["Competition"]["competition"] = name
-    config["Competition"]["competition"] = name
+    cfg.save(cfg.data)
-    write_config(config, config_path)
     click.echo(f"Competition name set to: {name}")
 # }}}
-

src/ctf/cli/flag.py

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# src/ctf/cli/flag.py
+# {{{ imports
+import click
+from ctf.helpers import detector_state
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ flag_cmd
+@click.command(name="flag")
+@click.option("-p", "--plain", is_flag=True, help="Print raw flag without flavor text.")
+@click.option("-l", "--list", "list_format", is_flag=True, help="List the current flag format.")
+@click.option("-s", "--set", "set_format", type=str, help="Set the current flag format.")
+@click.pass_context
+def flag_cmd(ctx, plain, list_format, set_format):
+    """Retrieve the last detected flag from config, or list/set flag format options."""
+    from ctf.config import Config
+    if list_format:
+        cfg = Config()
+        flag_format = cfg.data.get("Competition", {}).get("flag_format", "")
+        if plain:
+            click.echo(flag_format)
+        else:
+            click.echo(f"Current flag format: {flag_format}" if flag_format else "No flag format configured.")
+        return
+
+    if set_format is not None:
+        from ctf.commands import set_flag_format
+        ctx.invoke(set_flag_format, pattern=set_format, original=None)
+        return
+
+    # TODO add support for multiple flags and flag selection
+    if detector_state["active"] is not None:
+        detector_state["active"].detecting = False
+    try:
+        cfg = Config()
+        last_flag = cfg.data.get("Competition", {}).get("last_flag", "")
+        if not last_flag:
+            if not plain:
+                click.echo("No flag has been detected yet.")
+            return
+        if plain:
+            click.echo(last_flag)
+        else:
+            click.echo(f"Last detected flag: {last_flag}")
+    finally:
+        if detector_state["active"] is not None:
+            detector_state["active"].detecting = True
+# }}}

src/ctf/cli/forensics.py

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-# src/ctf/cli_forensics.py
+# src/ctf/cli/forensics.py
-# CLI wrapper and rendering layer for forensics commands
+# {{{ imports
-
-# vim foldmethod=marker
 import click
 from pathlib import Path
 from ctf.forensics import get_metadata, COMMON_SIGNATURES
+# }}}
 
 # {{{ forensics_group
 @click.group(name="forensics")
@@ -13,13 +12,13 @@ def forensics_group():
     pass
 # }}}
 
-# {{{ inspect
+# {{{ metadata
-@forensics_group.command()
+@forensics_group.command(name="metadata")
 @click.argument('path', type=click.Path(exists=True))
 @click.option('-i', '--inode', is_flag=True, help="Print only POSIX inode metadata (without EXIF data).")
 @click.option('-e', '--exif', is_flag=True, help="Print only EXIF metadata (without POSIX inode metadata).")
 @click.option('-p', '--physical', is_flag=True, help="Print only physical image parameters.")
-def inspect(path, inode, exif, physical):
+def metadata(path, inode, exif, physical):
     """Lists all basic inode metadata and EXIF data about a file"""
     flags = [inode, exif, physical]
     if sum(flags) > 1:
@@ -140,4 +139,3 @@ def list_signatures():
 
     console.print(table)
 # }}}
-

src/ctf/cli/steg.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# src/ctf/cli_steg.py
+# src/ctf/cli/steg.py
 # {{{ imports
 import click
 from pathlib import Path

src/ctf/config.py

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# src/ctf/config.py
+# {{{ imports
+import toml
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ Config
+class Config:
+    """Manages CTF challenge configuration loading and persistence."""
+    def __init__(self, path: str | Path | None = None):
+        if path is None:
+            # Check environment variable first, then fallback to hardcoded path
+            path = os.environ.get("CTF_CONFIG_PATH", "/home/venus/code/ctf/config.toml")
+        self.path = Path(path)
+        self.data = self._load()
+        
+    def _load(self) -> dict:
+        if self.path.exists():
+            try:
+                return toml.load(self.path)
+            except Exception:
+                return {}
+        return {}
+        
+    def save(self, data: dict):
+        self.data = data
+        self.path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        with open(self.path, "w") as f:
+            toml.dump(self.data, f)
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ exports
+# Load config instance to expose default values
+_cfg = Config()
+competition = _cfg.data.get("Competition", {})
+enviroment = _cfg.data.get("Enviroment", {})
+# }}}

src/ctf/decoding.py

@@ -1,119 +1,152 @@
 # src/ctf/decoding.py
 # {{{ imports
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from chepy import Chepy
 import re
-from typing import Dict, Set
+from typing import Dict, Set, List
+from ctf.helpers import check_for_flag, is_valid_flag
 # }}}
 
-# {{{ is_valid_flag
+# {{{ BaseDecoder
-def is_valid_flag(s: str, original: str = "") -> bool:
+class BaseDecoder(ABC):
-    """
+    """Abstract base class representing a Chepy-based metadata decoder."""
-    Checks if the string contains a flag matching the active pattern or a generic pattern.
+    def __init__(self, name: str, pattern: str, method_name: str):
-    If original is provided, ensures that the decoded string contains a new unique flag 
+        self.name = name
-    that was not already present in the original string.
+        self.pattern = pattern
-    """
+        self.method_name = method_name
-    try:
-        from ctf.utils import load_config
-        config = load_config()
-        flag_format = config.get("Competition", {}).get("flag_format", "")
-    except Exception:
-        flag_format = ""
-        
-    patterns = []
-    if flag_format:
-        patterns.append(flag_format.strip("^$"))
-    patterns.append(r"(?i)[a-z0-9_-]+{[a-z0-9_!@#$%^&*()\-+=]+}")
-            
-    decoded_flags = set()
-    for pattern in patterns:
-        for match in re.finditer(pattern, s):
-            decoded_flags.add(match.group(0))
-            
-    if not decoded_flags:
-        return False
-        
-    if original:
-        original_flags = set()
-        for pattern in patterns:
-            for match in re.finditer(pattern, original):
-                original_flags.add(match.group(0))
-        # If there are no new flags in decoded_flags, return False
-        if not (decoded_flags - original_flags):
-            return False
-            
-    return True
-# }}}
 
-# {{{ attempt_decode
+    def is_applicable(self, matched_val: str) -> bool:
-def attempt_decode(val: str, name: str, pattern: str, method_name: str, len_check=None, validator=None) -> str | None:
+        """Determines if the matched substring is applicable for decoding (e.g. length checks)."""
-    """Helper to run regex matching, dynamic Chepy decoding, and string printability checks."""
+        return True
-    # Find all matches sequentially and try decoding
+
-    for match in re.finditer(pattern, val):
+    def validate(self, decoded_str: str, original_str: str) -> bool:
-        matched_val = match.group(0)
+        """Validates if the decoded string is expected/correct (e.g. flag regex checks)."""
-        if len_check and not len_check(matched_val):
+        return True
-            continue
+
-            
+    def attempt_single(self, val: str) -> str | None:
-        try:
+        """Searches val for matches and returns the first successfully decoded printable string."""
-            chepy_inst = Chepy(matched_val)
+        for match in re.finditer(self.pattern, val):
-            method = getattr(chepy_inst, method_name)
+            matched_val = match.group(0)
-            decoded = method().state
+            if not self.is_applicable(matched_val):
-            if isinstance(decoded, bytes):
+                continue
-                dec_str = decoded.decode("utf-8")
-            elif isinstance(decoded, str):
-                dec_str = decoded
-            else:
-                dec_str = ""
                 
-            if dec_str.strip() and all(32 <= ord(c) < 127 or c in "\r\n\t" for c in dec_str):
+            try:
-                if validator and not validator(dec_str, val):
+                chepy_inst = Chepy(matched_val)
-                    continue
+                method = getattr(chepy_inst, self.method_name)
-                return dec_str
+                decoded = method().state
-        except Exception:
+                if isinstance(decoded, bytes):
-            pass
+                    dec_str = decoded.decode("utf-8")
-    return None
+                elif isinstance(decoded, str):
+                    dec_str = decoded
+                else:
+                    dec_str = ""
+                    
+                if dec_str.strip() and all(32 <= ord(c) < 127 or c in "\r\n\t" for c in dec_str):
+                    if not self.validate(dec_str, val):
+                        continue
+                    return dec_str
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+        return None
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ Concrete Decoders
+class HexDecoder(BaseDecoder):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("hex", r"[0-9a-fA-F]{4,}", "from_hex")
+    def is_applicable(self, matched_val: str) -> bool:
+        return len(matched_val) % 2 == 0
+
+class Base64Decoder(BaseDecoder):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("base64", r"[A-Za-z0-9+/=]{4,}", "from_base64")
+    def is_applicable(self, matched_val: str) -> bool:
+        return len(matched_val) % 4 == 0
+
+class Base32Decoder(BaseDecoder):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("base32", r"[A-Za-z2-7=]{4,}", "from_base32")
+    def is_applicable(self, matched_val: str) -> bool:
+        return len(matched_val) % 8 == 0
+
+class BinaryDecoder(BaseDecoder):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("binary", r"[01]{8,}", "from_binary")
+    def is_applicable(self, matched_val: str) -> bool:
+        return len(matched_val) % 8 == 0
+
+class UrlDecoder(BaseDecoder):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("url", r"(?:%[0-9a-fA-F]{2})+", "from_url_encoding")
+
+class Rot13Decoder(BaseDecoder):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("rot13", r"[\x20-\x7E\s]{4,}", "rot_13")
+    def validate(self, decoded_str: str, original_str: str) -> bool:
+        return is_valid_flag(decoded_str, original_str)
+
+class ReversedDecoder(BaseDecoder):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("reversed", r"[\x20-\x7E\s]{4,}", "reverse")
+    def validate(self, decoded_str: str, original_str: str) -> bool:
+        return is_valid_flag(decoded_str, original_str)
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ DecodingRegistry
+class DecodingRegistry:
+    """Orchestrates decoding metadata using registered BaseDecoder classes."""
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.decoders: List[BaseDecoder] = []
+
+    def register_decoder(self, decoder: BaseDecoder):
+        self.decoders.append(decoder)
+
+    def try_decode(self, val: str, current_chain: str = "", max_depth: int = 10, seen: Set[str] = None) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        if seen is None:
+            seen = set()
+            
+        results = {}
+        if not isinstance(val, str) or not val.strip() or max_depth <= 0:
+            return results
+            
+        cleaned_val = val.strip()
+        if cleaned_val in seen:
+            return results
+        seen.add(cleaned_val)
+        
+        for decoder in self.decoders:
+            decoded_val = decoder.attempt_single(cleaned_val)
+            if decoded_val is not None:
+                chain_name = f"{current_chain}->{decoder.name}" if current_chain else decoder.name
+                results[chain_name] = decoded_val
+                
+                # Recurse
+                nested_results = self.try_decode(
+                    decoded_val,
+                    current_chain=chain_name,
+                    max_depth=max_depth - 1,
+                    seen=set(seen)
+                )
+                results.update(nested_results)
+                
+        return results
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_default_registry(cls) -> "DecodingRegistry":
+        registry = cls()
+        registry.register_decoder(HexDecoder())
+        registry.register_decoder(Base64Decoder())
+        registry.register_decoder(Base32Decoder())
+        registry.register_decoder(BinaryDecoder())
+        registry.register_decoder(UrlDecoder())
+        registry.register_decoder(Rot13Decoder())
+        registry.register_decoder(ReversedDecoder())
+        return registry
 # }}}
 
 # {{{ try_decode_metadata
 def try_decode_metadata(val: str, current_chain: str = "", max_depth: int = 10, seen: Set[str] = None) -> Dict[str, str]:
-    """Attempts to decode a metadata value using defined formats recursively."""
+    """Compatibility wrapper that routes decoding requests to the default registry."""
-    if seen is None:
+    registry = DecodingRegistry.get_default_registry()
-        seen = set()
+    return registry.try_decode(val, current_chain, max_depth, seen)
-        
-    results = {}
-    if not isinstance(val, str) or not val.strip() or max_depth <= 0:
-        return results
-        
-    cleaned_val = val.strip()
-    if cleaned_val in seen:
-        return results
-    seen.add(cleaned_val)
-    
-    # We define our decoders here using unanchored patterns. Note: for rot13 and reversed, we only allow them
-    # if they produce a valid flag to avoid spamming everyday metadata fields.
-    formats = [
-        ("hex", r"[0-9a-fA-F]{4,}", "from_hex", lambda s: len(s) % 2 == 0, None),
-        ("base64", r"[A-Za-z0-9+/=]{4,}", "from_base64", lambda s: len(s) % 4 == 0, None),
-        ("base32", r"[A-Za-z2-7=]{4,}", "from_base32", lambda s: len(s) % 8 == 0, None),
-        ("binary", r"[01]{8,}", "from_binary", lambda s: len(s) % 8 == 0, None),
-        ("url", r"(?:%[0-9a-fA-F]{2})+", "from_url_encoding", None, None),
-        ("rot13", r"[\x20-\x7E\s]{4,}", "rot_13", None, is_valid_flag),
-        ("reversed", r"[\x20-\x7E\s]{4,}", "reverse", None, is_valid_flag),
-    ]
-    
-    for name, pattern, method, len_check, validator in formats:
-        decoded_val = attempt_decode(cleaned_val, name, pattern, method, len_check, validator)
-        if decoded_val is not None:
-            chain_name = f"{current_chain}->{name}" if current_chain else name
-            results[chain_name] = decoded_val
-            
-            # Recurse with copy of seen to allow different branching paths to process same strings
-            nested_results = try_decode_metadata(
-                decoded_val,
-                current_chain=chain_name,
-                max_depth=max_depth - 1,
-                seen=set(seen)
-            )
-            results.update(nested_results)
-            
-    return results
 # }}}

src/ctf/forensics/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# src/ctf/forensics/__init__.py
+# {{{ imports
+from ctf.forensics.base import FileMetadata, FormatParser, ParserFactory, FallbackParser, COMMON_SIGNATURES
+from ctf.forensics.jpeg import JpegParser
+from ctf.forensics.png import PngParser
+from ctf.forensics.gif import GifParser
+from ctf.forensics.metadata import get_metadata
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Dict, Any
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ get_exif
+def get_exif(path: Path) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """Compatibility wrapper for extracting EXIF tags."""
+    try:
+        with open(path, "rb") as f:
+            data = f.read()
+        return ParserFactory.get_parser(data).get_exif_tags(data)
+    except Exception:
+        return {}
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ get_comment
+def get_comment(path: Path) -> str:
+    """Compatibility wrapper for extracting comments."""
+    try:
+        with open(path, "rb") as f:
+            data = f.read()
+        return ParserFactory.get_parser(data).get_comment(data)
+    except Exception:
+        return ""
+# }}}

src/ctf/forensics/base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# src/ctf/forensics/base.py
+# {{{ imports
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Dict, Any
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ Common Signatures
+COMMON_SIGNATURES = {
+    b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n": ("PNG Image", [".png"]),
+    b"\xff\xd8\xff": ("JPEG Image", [".jpg", ".jpeg"]),
+    b"%PDF": ("PDF Document", [".pdf"]),
+    b"PK\x03\x04": ("ZIP Archive", [".zip"]),
+    b"\x7fELF": ("ELF Executable", [".elf"]),
+    b"MZ": ("PE Executable", [".exe", ".dll"]),
+    b"GIF87a": ("GIF Image", [".gif"]),
+    b"GIF89a": ("GIF Image", [".gif"]),
+    b"7z\xbc\xaf\x27\x1c": ("7-Zip Archive", [".7z"]),
+    b"\x1f\x8b": ("GZIP Archive", [".gz"]),
+    b"Rar!\x1a\x07\x00": ("RAR Archive", [".rar"]),
+    b"Rar!\x1a\x07\x01\x00": ("RAR Archive", [".rar"]),
+    b"BZh": ("BZIP2 Archive", [".bz2"]),
+    b"BM": ("BMP Image", [".bmp"]),
+    b"ID3": ("MP3 Audio", [".mp3"]),
+}
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ FileMetadata
+@dataclass
+class FileMetadata:
+    filename: str
+    size: int
+    magic: str
+    extension: str
+    detected_type: str
+    
+    # POSIX Permissions
+    permissions_octal: str
+    permissions_symbolic: str
+    
+    # Ownership Identity
+    owner_uid: int
+    owner_username: str
+    owner_gid: int
+    owner_groupname: str
+    
+    # Allocation Metrics
+    allocated_size: int
+    
+    # Hard Links
+    hard_links: int
+    
+    # Inode & Device Identifiers
+    inode: int
+    device: int
+    
+    # Extended Attributes
+    extended_attributes: Dict[str, str] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    
+    # EXIF Data
+    exif_data: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    
+    # Physical Image Data
+    physical_data: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    
+    # Decoded metadata hints
+    decoded_hints: Dict[str, Dict[str, str]] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    
+    # JPEG/PNG Comments
+    comment: str = ""
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ FormatParser
+class FormatParser(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class representing a file format metadata parser."""
+    @abstractmethod
+    def is_matching(self, data: bytes) -> bool:
+        pass
+    @abstractmethod
+    def parse_physical(self, data: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        pass
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_comment(self, data: bytes) -> str:
+        pass
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_exif_tags(self, data: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        pass
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ FallbackParser
+class FallbackParser(FormatParser):
+    def is_matching(self, data: bytes) -> bool:
+        return True
+    def parse_physical(self, data: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {}
+    def get_comment(self, data: bytes) -> str:
+        return ""
+    def get_exif_tags(self, data: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {}
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ ParserFactory
+class ParserFactory:
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_parser(data: bytes) -> FormatParser:
+        from ctf.forensics.jpeg import JpegParser
+        from ctf.forensics.png import PngParser
+        from ctf.forensics.gif import GifParser
+        parsers = [JpegParser(), PngParser(), GifParser()]
+        for parser in parsers:
+            if parser.is_matching(data):
+                return parser
+        return FallbackParser()
+# }}}

src/ctf/forensics/gif.py

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+# src/ctf/forensics/gif.py
+# {{{ imports
+import struct
+from typing import Dict, Any
+from ctf.forensics.base import FormatParser
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ GifParser
+class GifParser(FormatParser):
+    def is_matching(self, data: bytes) -> bool:
+        return data.startswith(b"GIF87a") or data.startswith(b"GIF89a")
+    def parse_physical(self, data: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return get_gif_physical(data)
+    def get_comment(self, data: bytes) -> str:
+        return extract_gif_comments(data)
+    def get_exif_tags(self, data: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {}
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ get_gif_physical
+def get_gif_physical(data: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """Parses GIF logical screen descriptor for physical size."""
+    physical = {}
+    if not (data.startswith(b"GIF87a") or data.startswith(b"GIF89a")):
+        return physical
+    if len(data) >= 10:
+        width = struct.unpack("<H", data[6:8])[0]
+        height = struct.unpack("<H", data[8:10])[0]
+        physical["Image Size"] = f"{width}x{height}"
+        mp = (width * height) / 1000000.0
+        physical["Megapixels"] = f"{mp:.1f}"
+        physical["Encoding Process"] = "LZW"
+    return physical
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ extract_gif_comments
+def extract_gif_comments(data: bytes) -> str:
+    """Extracts comments from GIF comment extensions (\x21\xfe) sequentially."""
+    if not (data.startswith(b"GIF87a") or data.startswith(b"GIF89a")):
+        return ""
+    comments = []
+    idx = 6
+    if idx + 7 > len(data):
+        return ""
+    packed_byte = data[idx+4]
+    global_color_table_present = bool(packed_byte & 0x80)
+    global_color_table_size = 2 ** ((packed_byte & 0x07) + 1)
+    idx += 7
+    if global_color_table_present:
+        idx += 3 * global_color_table_size
+        
+    while idx < len(data) - 2:
+        intro = data[idx]
+        if intro == 0x21:  # Extension Introducer
+            ext_label = data[idx+1]
+            idx += 2
+            if ext_label == 0xfe:  # Comment Extension
+                comment_parts = []
+                while idx < len(data):
+                    block_len = data[idx]
+                    idx += 1
+                    if block_len == 0:
+                        break
+                    if idx + block_len <= len(data):
+                        comment_parts.append(data[idx:idx+block_len].decode("utf-8", errors="ignore"))
+                        idx += block_len
+                    else:
+                        break
+                comments.append("".join(comment_parts))
+            else:
+                while idx < len(data):
+                    block_len = data[idx]
+                    idx += 1
+                    if block_len == 0:
+                        break
+                    idx += block_len
+        elif intro == 0x2c:  # Image Descriptor
+            if idx + 10 > len(data):
+                break
+            packed = data[idx+9]
+            local_table = bool(packed & 0x80)
+            local_table_size = 2 ** ((packed & 0x07) + 1)
+            idx += 10
+            if local_table:
+                idx += 3 * local_table_size
+            idx += 1
+            while idx < len(data):
+                block_len = data[idx]
+                idx += 1
+                if block_len == 0:
+                    break
+                idx += block_len
+        elif intro == 0x3b:  # Trailer
+            break
+        else:
+            idx += 1
+    return "\n".join(comments)
+# }}}

src/ctf/forensics/jpeg.py

@@ -1,225 +1,35 @@
-# src/ctf/forensics.py
+# src/ctf/forensics/jpeg.py
-# Library for forensic analysis (pure functions only)
+# {{{ imports
-
-# vim foldmethod=marker
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from pathlib import Path
-import stat
-import os
-import sys
 import struct
 import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
-from typing import List, Dict, Any
+from typing import Dict, Any
-
+from ctf.forensics.base import FormatParser
-try:
-    import pwd
-    import grp
-except ImportError:
-    pwd = None
-    grp = None
-
-# {{{ Common Signatures
-COMMON_SIGNATURES = {
-    b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n": ("PNG Image", [".png"]),
-    b"\xff\xd8\xff": ("JPEG Image", [".jpg", ".jpeg"]),
-    b"%PDF": ("PDF Document", [".pdf"]),
-    b"PK\x03\x04": ("ZIP Archive", [".zip"]),
-    b"\x7fELF": ("ELF Executable", [".elf"]),
-    b"MZ": ("PE Executable", [".exe", ".dll"]),
-    b"GIF87a": ("GIF Image", [".gif"]),
-    b"GIF89a": ("GIF Image", [".gif"]),
-    b"7z\xbc\xaf\x27\x1c": ("7-Zip Archive", [".7z"]),
-    b"\x1f\x8b": ("GZIP Archive", [".gz"]),
-    b"Rar!\x1a\x07\x00": ("RAR Archive", [".rar"]),
-    b"Rar!\x1a\x07\x01\x00": ("RAR Archive", [".rar"]),
-    b"BZh": ("BZIP2 Archive", [".bz2"]),
-    b"BM": ("BMP Image", [".bmp"]),
-    b"ID3": ("MP3 Audio", [".mp3"]),
-}
 # }}}
 
-# {{{ FileMetadata
+# {{{ JpegParser
-@dataclass
+class JpegParser(FormatParser):
-class FileMetadata:
+    def is_matching(self, data: bytes) -> bool:
-    filename: str
+        return data.startswith(b"\xff\xd8\xff")
-    size: int
+    def parse_physical(self, data: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-    magic: str
+        return get_jpeg_physical(data)
-    extension: str
+    def get_comment(self, data: bytes) -> str:
-    detected_type: str
+        return extract_jpeg_comment(data)
-    
+    def get_exif_tags(self, data: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-    # Task 1: POSIX Permissions
+        tags = {}
-    permissions_octal: str
+        exif_data = extract_jpeg_exif(data)
-    permissions_symbolic: str
+        if exif_data:
-    
+            try:
-    # Task 2: Ownership Identity
+                tags.update(parse_tiff(exif_data))
-    owner_uid: int
+            except Exception: pass
-    owner_username: str
+        xmp_str = extract_jpeg_xmp(data)
-    owner_gid: int
+        if xmp_str:
-    owner_groupname: str
+            try:
-    
+                tags.update(parse_xmp(xmp_str))
-    # Task 3: Allocation Metrics
+            except Exception: pass
-    allocated_size: int
-    
-    # Task 4: Hard Links
-    hard_links: int
-    
-    # Task 5: Inode & Device Identifiers
-    inode: int
-    device: int
-    
-    # Task 6: Extended Attributes
-    extended_attributes: Dict[str, str] = field(default_factory=dict)
-    
-    # EXIF Data
-    exif_data: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
-    
-    # Physical Image Data
-    physical_data: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
-    
-    # Decoded metadata hints
-    decoded_hints: Dict[str, Dict[str, str]] = field(default_factory=dict)
-    
-    # JPEG/PNG Comments
-    comment: str = ""
-# }}}
-
-# {{{ get_metadata
-def get_metadata(path: Path) -> FileMetadata:
-    """Extracts metadata attributes from a file without any console rendering."""
-    p = Path(path)
-    if not p.exists():
-        raise FileNotFoundError(f"File not found: {p}")
-        
-    stat_info = p.stat()
-    
-    # Apparent size & extension
-    size = stat_info.st_size
-    extension = p.suffix
-    
-    # Magic bytes
-    try:
-        with open(p, 'rb') as f:
-            magic = f.read(8).hex().upper()
-    except Exception:
-        magic = ""
-        
-    detected_type = "Unknown"
-    try:
-        magic_bytes = bytes.fromhex(magic)
-        for signature, (type_name, exts) in COMMON_SIGNATURES.items():
-            if magic_bytes.startswith(signature):
-                detected_type = type_name
-                break
-    except Exception:
-        pass
-        
-    # POSIX Permissions
-    mode = stat_info.st_mode
-    permissions_octal = oct(stat.S_IMODE(mode))
-    permissions_symbolic = stat.filemode(mode)
-    
-    # Ownership Identity
-    owner_uid = stat_info.st_uid
-    owner_gid = stat_info.st_gid
-    owner_username = str(owner_uid)
-    owner_groupname = str(owner_gid)
-    
-    if pwd is not None:
         try:
-            owner_username = pwd.getpwuid(owner_uid).pw_name
+            tags.update(extract_jpeg_iptc(data))
-        except KeyError:
+        except Exception: pass
-            pass
+        return tags
-    if grp is not None:
-        try:
-            owner_groupname = grp.getgrgid(owner_gid).gr_name
-        except KeyError:
-            pass
-            
-    # Allocation Metrics
-    if hasattr(stat_info, "st_blocks"):
-        allocated_size = stat_info.st_blocks * 512
-    else:
-        allocated_size = size
-        
-    # Hard Links
-    hard_links = stat_info.st_nlink
-    
-    # Inode & Device Identifiers
-    inode = stat_info.st_ino
-    device = stat_info.st_dev
-    
-    # Extended Attributes
-    extended_attributes = {}
-    if hasattr(os, "listxattr") and hasattr(os, "getxattr"):
-        try:
-            attrs = os.listxattr(p)
-            for attr in attrs:
-                try:
-                    val = os.getxattr(p, attr)
-                    extended_attributes[attr] = val.decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
-                except OSError:
-                    pass
-        except OSError:
-            pass
-            
-    exif_data = get_exif(p)
-    comment = get_comment(p)
-    
-    physical_data = {}
-    try:
-        with open(p, "rb") as f:
-            file_bytes = f.read()
-        if file_bytes.startswith(b"\xff\xd8\xff"):
-            physical_data = get_jpeg_physical(file_bytes)
-        elif file_bytes.startswith(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"):
-            physical_data = get_png_physical(file_bytes)
-        elif file_bytes.startswith(b"GIF87a") or file_bytes.startswith(b"GIF89a"):
-            physical_data = get_gif_physical(file_bytes)
-    except Exception:
-        pass
-            
-    decoded_hints = {}
-    try:
-        from ctf.decoding import try_decode_metadata
-        if comment:
-            dec = try_decode_metadata(comment)
-            if dec:
-                decoded_hints["Comment"] = dec
-        for tag, val in exif_data.items():
-            if isinstance(val, str):
-                dec = try_decode_metadata(val)
-                if dec:
-                    decoded_hints[f"EXIF:{tag}"] = dec
-        for attr, val in extended_attributes.items():
-            if isinstance(val, str):
-                dec = try_decode_metadata(val)
-                if dec:
-                    decoded_hints[f"xattr:{attr}"] = dec
-    except Exception:
-        pass
-            
-    return FileMetadata(
-        filename=p.name,
-        size=size,
-        magic=magic,
-        extension=extension,
-        detected_type=detected_type,
-        permissions_octal=permissions_octal,
-        permissions_symbolic=permissions_symbolic,
-        owner_uid=owner_uid,
-        owner_username=owner_username,
-        owner_gid=owner_gid,
-        owner_groupname=owner_groupname,
-        allocated_size=allocated_size,
-        hard_links=hard_links,
-        inode=inode,
-        device=device,
-        extended_attributes=extended_attributes,
-        exif_data=exif_data,
-        physical_data=physical_data,
-        decoded_hints=decoded_hints,
-        comment=comment
-    )
 # }}}
 
 # {{{ EXIF tags
@@ -260,7 +70,8 @@ EXIF_TAGS = {
     0xa403: "WhiteBalance",
     0xa405: "FocalLengthIn35mmFilm",
     0xa406: "SceneCaptureType",
-}# }}}
+}
+# }}}
 
 # {{{ parse_tiff
 def parse_tiff(data: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
@@ -371,7 +182,6 @@ def extract_jpeg_exif(data: bytes) -> bytes:
             marker = data[idx+1]
             if marker == 0xd9:  # EOI
                 break
-            # Markers without length parameters
             if marker in (0xd8, 0xd9, 0x00) or 0xd0 <= marker <= 0xd7:
                 idx += 2
                 continue
@@ -386,75 +196,6 @@ def extract_jpeg_exif(data: bytes) -> bytes:
     return b""
 # }}}
 
-# {{{ extract_png_exif
-def extract_png_exif(data: bytes) -> bytes:
-    """Extracts raw Exif/TIFF payload from PNG eXIf chunks."""
-    if not data.startswith(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"):
-        return b""
-    idx = 8
-    while idx < len(data) - 8:
-        length = struct.unpack(">I", data[idx:idx+4])[0]
-        chunk_type = data[idx+4:idx+8]
-        if chunk_type == b"eXIf":
-            return data[idx+8:idx+8+length]
-        elif chunk_type == b"IEND":
-            break
-        idx += 12 + length
-    return b""
-# }}}
-
-# {{{ get_exif
-def get_exif(path: Path) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-    """Reads file, extracts Exif and XMP segments, and parses them to a tag dictionary."""
-    try:
-        with open(path, "rb") as f:
-            data = f.read()
-    except Exception:
-        return {}
-        
-    tags = {}
-    
-    # 1. Parse standard EXIF
-    exif_data = b""
-    if data.startswith(b"\xff\xd8\xff"):
-        exif_data = extract_jpeg_exif(data)
-    elif data.startswith(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"):
-        exif_data = extract_png_exif(data)
-        
-    if exif_data:
-        try:
-            tags.update(parse_tiff(exif_data))
-        except Exception:
-            pass
-            
-    # 2. Parse XMP (Adobe)
-    xmp_str = ""
-    if data.startswith(b"\xff\xd8\xff"):
-        xmp_str = extract_jpeg_xmp(data)
-        
-    if xmp_str:
-        try:
-            tags.update(parse_xmp(xmp_str))
-        except Exception:
-            pass
-            
-    # 3. Parse IPTC (Photoshop APP13) if JPEG
-    if data.startswith(b"\xff\xd8\xff"):
-        try:
-            tags.update(extract_jpeg_iptc(data))
-        except Exception:
-            pass
-            
-    # 4. Parse PNG text chunks if PNG
-    if data.startswith(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"):
-        try:
-            tags.update(parse_png_text_chunks(data))
-        except Exception:
-            pass
-            
-    return tags
-# }}}
-
 # {{{ extract_jpeg_comment
 def extract_jpeg_comment(data: bytes) -> str:
     """Extracts raw comment string from JPEG COM (0xfe) segments."""
@@ -479,23 +220,7 @@ def extract_jpeg_comment(data: bytes) -> str:
     return ""
 # }}}
 
-# {{{ get_comment
+# {{{ NS_map
-def get_comment(path: Path) -> str:
-    """Reads file, checks headers, and extracts JPEG COM / GIF comments."""
-    try:
-        with open(path, "rb") as f:
-            data = f.read()
-    except Exception:
-        return ""
-        
-    if data.startswith(b"\xff\xd8\xff"):
-        return extract_jpeg_comment(data)
-    elif data.startswith(b"GIF87a") or data.startswith(b"GIF89a"):
-        return extract_gif_comments(data)
-    return ""
-# }}}
-
-#{{{ NS_map
 NS_MAP = {
     "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#": "rdf",
     "http://creativecommons.org/ns#": "cc",
@@ -504,7 +229,7 @@ NS_MAP = {
     "http://ns.adobe.com/exif/1.0/": "exif",
     "http://ns.adobe.com/tiff/1.0/": "tiff",
 }
-#}}}
+# }}}
 
 # {{{ parse_xmp
 def parse_xmp(xmp_str: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
@@ -654,84 +379,6 @@ def get_jpeg_physical(data: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
     return physical
 # }}}
 
-# {{{ get_png_physical
-def get_png_physical(data: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-    """Parses PNG IHDR and pHYs chunks for physical properties."""
-    physical = {}
-    if not data.startswith(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"):
-        return physical
-        
-    idx = 8
-    while idx < len(data) - 8:
-        length = struct.unpack(">I", data[idx:idx+4])[0]
-        chunk_type = data[idx+4:idx+8]
-        chunk_data = data[idx+8:idx+8+length]
-        
-        if chunk_type == b"IHDR":
-            if len(chunk_data) >= 13:
-                width = struct.unpack(">I", chunk_data[0:4])[0]
-                height = struct.unpack(">I", chunk_data[4:8])[0]
-                bit_depth = chunk_data[8]
-                color_type = chunk_data[9]
-                compression = chunk_data[10]
-                filter_method = chunk_data[11]
-                interlace = chunk_data[12]
-                
-                physical["Image Size"] = f"{width}x{height}"
-                mp = (width * height) / 1000000.0
-                physical["Megapixels"] = f"{mp:.1f}"
-                physical["Bit Depth"] = f"{bit_depth} bits/sample"
-                
-                color_types = {
-                    0: "Grayscale",
-                    2: "Truecolor",
-                    3: "Indexed-color",
-                    4: "Grayscale with Alpha",
-                    6: "Truecolor with Alpha"
-                }
-                physical["Color Type"] = color_types.get(color_type, f"Unknown ({color_type})")
-                
-                if compression == 0:
-                    physical["Encoding Process"] = "Deflate/Inflate"
-                else:
-                    physical["Encoding Process"] = f"Unknown compression ({compression})"
-                    
-                interlace_methods = {
-                    0: "Noninterlaced",
-                    1: "Adam7 Interlace"
-                }
-                physical["Interlace Method"] = interlace_methods.get(interlace, f"Unknown ({interlace})")
-        elif chunk_type == b"pHYs":
-            if len(chunk_data) >= 9:
-                x_res = struct.unpack(">I", chunk_data[0:4])[0]
-                y_res = struct.unpack(">I", chunk_data[4:8])[0]
-                unit = chunk_data[8]
-                unit_str = " meters" if unit == 1 else " (unknown unit)"
-                physical["Pixels Per Unit X"] = f"{x_res}{unit_str}"
-                physical["Pixels Per Unit Y"] = f"{y_res}{unit_str}"
-        elif chunk_type == b"IEND":
-            break
-        idx += 12 + length
-        
-    return physical
-# }}}
-
-# {{{ get_gif_physical
-def get_gif_physical(data: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-    """Parses GIF logical screen descriptor for physical size."""
-    physical = {}
-    if not (data.startswith(b"GIF87a") or data.startswith(b"GIF89a")):
-        return physical
-    if len(data) >= 10:
-        width = struct.unpack("<H", data[6:8])[0]
-        height = struct.unpack("<H", data[8:10])[0]
-        physical["Image Size"] = f"{width}x{height}"
-        mp = (width * height) / 1000000.0
-        physical["Megapixels"] = f"{mp:.1f}"
-        physical["Encoding Process"] = "LZW"
-    return physical
-# }}}
-
 # {{{ extract_jpeg_iptc
 def extract_jpeg_iptc(data: bytes) -> Dict[str, str]:
     """Extracts IPTC/NAA metadata (Record 2) from Photoshop APP13 segments."""
@@ -819,132 +466,3 @@ def extract_jpeg_iptc(data: bytes) -> Dict[str, str]:
             
     return iptc_metadata
 # }}}
-
-# {{{ parse_png_text_chunks
-def parse_png_text_chunks(data: bytes) -> Dict[str, str]:
-    """Decompresses and extracts standard tEXt/zTXt/iTXt PNG text metadata."""
-    import zlib
-    text_metadata = {}
-    if not data.startswith(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"):
-        return text_metadata
-    idx = 8
-    while idx < len(data) - 8:
-        length = struct.unpack(">I", data[idx:idx+4])[0]
-        chunk_type = data[idx+4:idx+8]
-        chunk_data = data[idx+8:idx+8+length]
-        if chunk_type == b"tEXt":
-            parts = chunk_data.split(b"\x00", 1)
-            if len(parts) == 2:
-                key = parts[0].decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
-                val = parts[1].decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
-                text_metadata[key] = val
-        elif chunk_type == b"zTXt":
-            parts = chunk_data.split(b"\x00", 1)
-            if len(parts) == 2:
-                key = parts[0].decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
-                remaining = parts[1]
-                if len(remaining) > 1:
-                    comp_method = remaining[0]
-                    comp_text = remaining[1:]
-                    if comp_method == 0:
-                        try:
-                            val = zlib.decompress(comp_text).decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
-                            text_metadata[key] = val
-                        except Exception:
-                            pass
-        elif chunk_type == b"iTXt":
-            parts = chunk_data.split(b"\x00", 1)
-            if len(parts) == 2:
-                key = parts[0].decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
-                remaining = parts[1]
-                if len(remaining) >= 2:
-                    comp_flag = remaining[0]
-                    comp_method = remaining[1]
-                    rem = remaining[2:]
-                    parts2 = rem.split(b"\x00", 1)
-                    if len(parts2) == 2:
-                        lang_tag = parts2[0].decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
-                        rem = parts2[1]
-                        parts3 = rem.split(b"\x00", 1)
-                        if len(parts3) == 2:
-                            trans_key = parts3[0].decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
-                            text_bytes = parts3[1]
-                            if comp_flag == 1 and comp_method == 0:
-                                try:
-                                    val = zlib.decompress(text_bytes).decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
-                                    text_metadata[key] = val
-                                except Exception:
-                                    pass
-                            else:
-                                val = text_bytes.decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
-                                text_metadata[key] = val
-        elif chunk_type == b"IEND":
-            break
-        idx += 12 + length
-    return text_metadata
-# }}}
-
-# {{{ extract_gif_comments
-def extract_gif_comments(data: bytes) -> str:
-    """Extracts comments from GIF comment extensions (\x21\xfe) sequentially."""
-    if not (data.startswith(b"GIF87a") or data.startswith(b"GIF89a")):
-        return ""
-    comments = []
-    idx = 6
-    if idx + 7 > len(data):
-        return ""
-    packed_byte = data[idx+4]
-    global_color_table_present = bool(packed_byte & 0x80)
-    global_color_table_size = 2 ** ((packed_byte & 0x07) + 1)
-    idx += 7
-    if global_color_table_present:
-        idx += 3 * global_color_table_size
-        
-    while idx < len(data) - 2:
-        intro = data[idx]
-        if intro == 0x21:  # Extension Introducer
-            ext_label = data[idx+1]
-            idx += 2
-            if ext_label == 0xfe:  # Comment Extension
-                comment_parts = []
-                while idx < len(data):
-                    block_len = data[idx]
-                    idx += 1
-                    if block_len == 0:
-                        break
-                    if idx + block_len <= len(data):
-                        comment_parts.append(data[idx:idx+block_len].decode("utf-8", errors="ignore"))
-                        idx += block_len
-                    else:
-                        break
-                comments.append("".join(comment_parts))
-            else:
-                while idx < len(data):
-                    block_len = data[idx]
-                    idx += 1
-                    if block_len == 0:
-                        break
-                    idx += block_len
-        elif intro == 0x2c:  # Image Descriptor
-            if idx + 10 > len(data):
-                break
-            packed = data[idx+9]
-            local_table = bool(packed & 0x80)
-            local_table_size = 2 ** ((packed & 0x07) + 1)
-            idx += 10
-            if local_table:
-                idx += 3 * local_table_size
-            idx += 1
-            while idx < len(data):
-                block_len = data[idx]
-                idx += 1
-                if block_len == 0:
-                    break
-                idx += block_len
-        elif intro == 0x3b:  # Trailer
-            break
-        else:
-            idx += 1
-    return "\n".join(comments)
-# }}}
-

src/ctf/forensics/metadata.py

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# src/ctf/forensics/metadata.py
+# {{{ imports
+from pathlib import Path
+import os
+import stat
+from ctf.forensics.base import FileMetadata, COMMON_SIGNATURES, ParserFactory
+
+try:
+    import pwd
+    import grp
+except ImportError:
+    pwd = None
+    grp = None
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ get_metadata
+def get_metadata(path: Path) -> FileMetadata:
+    """Extracts metadata attributes from a file without any console rendering."""
+    p = Path(path)
+    if not p.exists():
+        raise FileNotFoundError(f"File not found: {p}")
+        
+    stat_info = p.stat()
+    size = stat_info.st_size
+    extension = p.suffix
+    
+    try:
+        with open(p, 'rb') as f:
+            magic = f.read(8).hex().upper()
+    except Exception:
+        magic = ""
+        
+    detected_type = "Unknown"
+    try:
+        magic_bytes = bytes.fromhex(magic)
+        for signature, (type_name, exts) in COMMON_SIGNATURES.items():
+            if magic_bytes.startswith(signature):
+                detected_type = type_name
+                break
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+        
+    mode = stat_info.st_mode
+    permissions_octal = oct(stat.S_IMODE(mode))
+    permissions_symbolic = stat.filemode(mode)
+    
+    owner_uid = stat_info.st_uid
+    owner_gid = stat_info.st_gid
+    owner_username = str(owner_uid)
+    owner_groupname = str(owner_gid)
+    
+    if pwd is not None:
+        try:
+            owner_username = pwd.getpwuid(owner_uid).pw_name
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+    if grp is not None:
+        try:
+            owner_groupname = grp.getgrgid(owner_gid).gr_name
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+            
+    if hasattr(stat_info, "st_blocks"):
+        allocated_size = stat_info.st_blocks * 512
+    else:
+        allocated_size = size
+        
+    hard_links = stat_info.st_nlink
+    inode = stat_info.st_ino
+    device = stat_info.st_dev
+    
+    extended_attributes = {}
+    if hasattr(os, "listxattr") and hasattr(os, "getxattr"):
+        try:
+            attrs = os.listxattr(p)
+            for attr in attrs:
+                try:
+                    val = os.getxattr(p, attr)
+                    extended_attributes[attr] = val.decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
+                except OSError:
+                    pass
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+            
+    try:
+        with open(p, "rb") as f:
+            file_bytes = f.read()
+        parser = ParserFactory.get_parser(file_bytes)
+        exif_data = parser.get_exif_tags(file_bytes)
+        comment = parser.get_comment(file_bytes)
+        physical_data = parser.parse_physical(file_bytes)
+    except Exception:
+        exif_data = {}
+        comment = ""
+        physical_data = {}
+            
+    decoded_hints = {}
+    try:
+        from ctf.decoding import try_decode_metadata
+        if comment:
+            dec = try_decode_metadata(comment)
+            if dec:
+                decoded_hints["Comment"] = dec
+        for tag, val in exif_data.items():
+            if isinstance(val, str):
+                dec = try_decode_metadata(val)
+                if dec:
+                    decoded_hints[f"EXIF:{tag}"] = dec
+        for attr, val in extended_attributes.items():
+            if isinstance(val, str):
+                dec = try_decode_metadata(val)
+                if dec:
+                    decoded_hints[f"xattr:{attr}"] = dec
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+            
+    return FileMetadata(
+        filename=p.name,
+        size=size,
+        magic=magic,
+        extension=extension,
+        detected_type=detected_type,
+        permissions_octal=permissions_octal,
+        permissions_symbolic=permissions_symbolic,
+        owner_uid=owner_uid,
+        owner_username=owner_username,
+        owner_gid=owner_gid,
+        owner_groupname=owner_groupname,
+        allocated_size=allocated_size,
+        hard_links=hard_links,
+        inode=inode,
+        device=device,
+        extended_attributes=extended_attributes,
+        exif_data=exif_data,
+        physical_data=physical_data,
+        decoded_hints=decoded_hints,
+        comment=comment
+    )
+# }}}

src/ctf/forensics/png.py

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# src/ctf/forensics/png.py
+# {{{ imports
+import struct
+from typing import Dict, Any
+from ctf.forensics.base import FormatParser
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ PngParser
+class PngParser(FormatParser):
+    def is_matching(self, data: bytes) -> bool:
+        return data.startswith(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n")
+    def parse_physical(self, data: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return get_png_physical(data)
+    def get_comment(self, data: bytes) -> str:
+        return ""
+    def get_exif_tags(self, data: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        tags = {}
+        exif_data = extract_png_exif(data)
+        if exif_data:
+            try:
+                from ctf.forensics.jpeg import parse_tiff
+                tags.update(parse_tiff(exif_data))
+            except Exception: pass
+        try:
+            tags.update(parse_png_text_chunks(data))
+        except Exception: pass
+        return tags
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ extract_png_exif
+def extract_png_exif(data: bytes) -> bytes:
+    """Extracts raw Exif/TIFF payload from PNG eXIf chunks."""
+    if not data.startswith(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"):
+        return b""
+    idx = 8
+    while idx < len(data) - 8:
+        length = struct.unpack(">I", data[idx:idx+4])[0]
+        chunk_type = data[idx+4:idx+8]
+        if chunk_type == b"eXIf":
+            return data[idx+8:idx+8+length]
+        elif chunk_type == b"IEND":
+            break
+        idx += 12 + length
+    return b""
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ get_png_physical
+def get_png_physical(data: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """Parses PNG IHDR and pHYs chunks for physical properties."""
+    physical = {}
+    if not data.startswith(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"):
+        return physical
+        
+    idx = 8
+    while idx < len(data) - 8:
+        length = struct.unpack(">I", data[idx:idx+4])[0]
+        chunk_type = data[idx+4:idx+8]
+        chunk_data = data[idx+8:idx+8+length]
+        
+        if chunk_type == b"IHDR":
+            if len(chunk_data) >= 13:
+                width = struct.unpack(">I", chunk_data[0:4])[0]
+                height = struct.unpack(">I", chunk_data[4:8])[0]
+                bit_depth = chunk_data[8]
+                color_type = chunk_data[9]
+                compression = chunk_data[10]
+                filter_method = chunk_data[11]
+                interlace = chunk_data[12]
+                
+                physical["Image Size"] = f"{width}x{height}"
+                mp = (width * height) / 1000000.0
+                physical["Megapixels"] = f"{mp:.1f}"
+                physical["Bit Depth"] = f"{bit_depth} bits/sample"
+                
+                color_types = {
+                    0: "Grayscale",
+                    2: "Truecolor",
+                    3: "Indexed-color",
+                    4: "Grayscale with Alpha",
+                    6: "Truecolor with Alpha"
+                }
+                physical["Color Type"] = color_types.get(color_type, f"Unknown ({color_type})")
+                
+                if compression == 0:
+                    physical["Encoding Process"] = "Deflate/Inflate"
+                else:
+                    physical["Encoding Process"] = f"Unknown compression ({compression})"
+                    
+                interlace_methods = {
+                    0: "Noninterlaced",
+                    1: "Adam7 Interlace"
+                }
+                physical["Interlace Method"] = interlace_methods.get(interlace, f"Unknown ({interlace})")
+        elif chunk_type == b"pHYs":
+            if len(chunk_data) >= 9:
+                x_res = struct.unpack(">I", chunk_data[0:4])[0]
+                y_res = struct.unpack(">I", chunk_data[4:8])[0]
+                unit = chunk_data[8]
+                unit_str = " meters" if unit == 1 else " (unknown unit)"
+                physical["Pixels Per Unit X"] = f"{x_res}{unit_str}"
+                physical["Pixels Per Unit Y"] = f"{y_res}{unit_str}"
+        elif chunk_type == b"IEND":
+            break
+        idx += 12 + length
+        
+    return physical
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ parse_png_text_chunks
+def parse_png_text_chunks(data: bytes) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    """Decompresses and extracts standard tEXt/zTXt/iTXt PNG text metadata."""
+    import zlib
+    text_metadata = {}
+    if not data.startswith(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"):
+        return text_metadata
+    idx = 8
+    while idx < len(data) - 8:
+        length = struct.unpack(">I", data[idx:idx+4])[0]
+        chunk_type = data[idx+4:idx+8]
+        chunk_data = data[idx+8:idx+8+length]
+        if chunk_type == b"tEXt":
+            parts = chunk_data.split(b"\x00", 1)
+            if len(parts) == 2:
+                key = parts[0].decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
+                val = parts[1].decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
+                text_metadata[key] = val
+        elif chunk_type == b"zTXt":
+            parts = chunk_data.split(b"\x00", 1)
+            if len(parts) == 2:
+                key = parts[0].decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
+                remaining = parts[1]
+                if len(remaining) > 1:
+                    comp_method = remaining[0]
+                    comp_text = remaining[1:]
+                    if comp_method == 0:
+                        try:
+                            val = zlib.decompress(comp_text).decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
+                            text_metadata[key] = val
+                        except Exception:
+                            pass
+        elif chunk_type == b"iTXt":
+            parts = chunk_data.split(b"\x00", 1)
+            if len(parts) == 2:
+                key = parts[0].decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
+                remaining = parts[1]
+                if len(remaining) >= 2:
+                    comp_flag = remaining[0]
+                    comp_method = remaining[1]
+                    rem = remaining[2:]
+                    parts2 = rem.split(b"\x00", 1)
+                    if len(parts2) == 2:
+                        lang_tag = parts2[0].decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
+                        rem = parts2[1]
+                        parts3 = rem.split(b"\x00", 1)
+                        if len(parts3) == 2:
+                            trans_key = parts3[0].decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
+                            text_bytes = parts3[1]
+                            if comp_flag == 1 and comp_method == 0:
+                                try:
+                                    val = zlib.decompress(text_bytes).decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
+                                    text_metadata[key] = val
+                                except Exception:
+                                    pass
+                            else:
+                                val = text_bytes.decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
+                                text_metadata[key] = val
+        elif chunk_type == b"IEND":
+            break
+        idx += 12 + length
+    return text_metadata
+# }}}

src/ctf/helpers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# {{{ imports
+import re
+# }}}
+
+detector_state = {"active": None}
+
+
+# {{{ check_for_flag
+def check_for_flag(text: str, pattern: str | None = None) -> list[str]:
+    """Scans the text for all flags matching the provided pattern, the active format, or a generic pattern.
+    Returns a list of matching flags found.
+    """
+    if not text:
+        return []
+        
+    patterns = []
+    if pattern:
+        patterns.append(pattern.strip("^$"))
+    else:
+        try:
+            from ctf.config import Config
+            cfg = Config()
+            flag_format = cfg.data.get("Competition", {}).get("flag_format", "")
+        except Exception:
+            flag_format = ""
+        if flag_format:
+            patterns.append(flag_format.strip("^$"))
+            
+    patterns.append(r"(?i)[a-z0-9_-]+{[a-z0-9_!@#$%^&*()\-+=]+}")
+    
+    found = []
+    for pat in patterns:
+        for match in re.finditer(pat, text):
+            found.append(match.group(0))
+            
+    return list(set(found))
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ is_valid_flag
+def is_valid_flag(s: str, original: str = "") -> bool:
+    """
+    Checks if the string contains a flag matching the active pattern or a generic pattern.
+    If original is provided, ensures that the decoded string contains a new unique flag 
+    that was not already present in the original string.
+    """
+    flags = check_for_flag(s)
+    if not flags:
+        return False
+    if original:
+        original_flags = set(check_for_flag(original))
+        # If there are no new flags in decoded flags, return False
+        if not (set(flags) - original_flags):
+            return False
+    return True
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ FlagDetectorStream
+class FlagDetectorStream:
+    """Intercepts stdout to scan output for matching flag formats."""
+    def __init__(self, original_stream, pattern_str):
+        self.original_stream = original_stream
+        self._flag_buffer = ""
+        self.detecting = True
+        self.pattern_str = pattern_str
+            
+    def write(self, data):
+        self.original_stream.write(data)
+        if self.detecting and self.pattern_str:
+            self._flag_buffer += data
+            matches = check_for_flag(self._flag_buffer, self.pattern_str)
+            if matches:
+                self.detecting = False
+                self.original_stream.write("\n\033[1;32m[!] Potential flag(s) detected in command output:\033[0m\n")
+                for match in matches:
+                    self.original_stream.write(f"  \033[1;32m✓ {match}\033[0m\n")
+                    try:
+                        from ctf.config import Config
+                        cfg = Config()
+                        if "Competition" not in cfg.data:
+                            cfg.data["Competition"] = {}
+                        cfg.data["Competition"]["last_flag"] = match
+                        cfg.save(cfg.data)
+                    except Exception:
+                        pass
+                self._flag_buffer = ""
+                self.detecting = True
+                
+    def flush(self):
+        self.original_stream.flush()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.original_stream, name)
+# }}}
+
+

src/ctf/main.py

@@ -1,118 +1,25 @@
 # src/main.py
 # Parses and calls commands
 
-from ctf.commands import basic_group
-from ctf.cli_forensics import forensics_group, inspect
-from ctf.cli_steg import steg_group
-import click
 import sys
-import re
+from ctf.cli import cli
-
+from ctf.helpers import FlagDetectorStream, detector_state
-# Globally track the detector instance if it is active
-_active_detector = None
-
-# {{{ FlagDetectorStream
-class FlagDetectorStream:
-    """Intercepts stdout to scan output for matching flag formats."""
-    def __init__(self, original_stream, pattern_str):
-        self.original_stream = original_stream
-        self._flag_buffer = ""
-        self.detecting = True
-        
-        # Clean pattern from standard anchors ^ and $ for substring matching
-        pat = pattern_str
-        if pat.startswith("^") and pat.endswith("$"):
-            pat = pat[1:-1]
-        try:
-            self.pattern = re.compile(pat) if pat else None
-        except re.error:
-            self.pattern = None
-            
-    def write(self, data):
-        self.original_stream.write(data)
-        if self.detecting and self.pattern:
-            self._flag_buffer += data
-            matches = []
-            for match in self.pattern.finditer(self._flag_buffer):
-                matches.append(match.group())
-            if matches:
-                self.detecting = False
-                self.original_stream.write("\n\033[1;32m[!] Potential flag(s) detected in command output:\033[0m\n")
-                for match in matches:
-                    self.original_stream.write(f"  \033[1;32m✓ {match}\033[0m\n")
-                    try:
-                        from ctf.utils import load_config, write_config
-                        config_path = "/home/venus/code/ctf/config.toml"
-                        config = load_config(config_path)
-                        if "Competition" not in config:
-                            config["Competition"] = {}
-                        config["Competition"]["last_flag"] = match
-                        write_config(config, config_path)
-                    except Exception:
-                        pass
-                self._flag_buffer = ""
-                self.detecting = True
-                
-    def flush(self):
-        self.original_stream.flush()
-
-    def __getattr__(self, name):
-        return getattr(self.original_stream, name)
-# }}}
-
-# {{{ flag_cmd
-@click.command(name="flag")
-@click.option("-p", "--plain", is_flag=True, help="Print raw flag without flavor text.")
-def flag_cmd(plain):
-    """Retrieve the last detected flag from config."""
-    # TODO add support for multiple flags and flag selection
-    global _active_detector
-    if _active_detector is not None:
-        _active_detector.detecting = False
-    try:
-        from ctf.utils import load_config
-        config = load_config("/home/venus/code/ctf/config.toml")
-        last_flag = config.get("Competition", {}).get("last_flag", "")
-        if not last_flag:
-            if not plain:
-                click.echo("No flag has been detected yet.")
-            return
-        if plain:
-            click.echo(last_flag)
-        else:
-            click.echo(f"Last detected flag: {last_flag}")
-    finally:
-        if _active_detector is not None:
-            _active_detector.detecting = True
-# }}}
-
-# {{{ cli
-@click.group()
-def cli(): pass
-
-cli.add_command(forensics_group)
-cli.add_command(basic_group)
-cli.add_command(flag_cmd)
-cli.add_command(inspect)
-cli.add_command(steg_group)
-# }}}
 
 # {{{ main
 def main():
-    from ctf.utils import load_config
+    from ctf.config import Config
-    config = load_config("/home/venus/code/ctf/config.toml")
+    cfg = Config()
-    flag_format = config.get("Competition", {}).get("flag_format", "")
+    flag_format = cfg.data.get("Competition", {}).get("flag_format", "")
     
-    global _active_detector
     if flag_format:
         detector = FlagDetectorStream(sys.stdout, flag_format)
         sys.stdout = detector
-        _active_detector = detector
+        detector_state["active"] = detector
         try:
             cli()
         finally:
             sys.stdout = detector.original_stream
-            _active_detector = None
+            detector_state["active"] = None
     else:
         cli()
 # }}}

src/ctf/utils.py

@@ -1,23 +1,8 @@
 # src/ctf/utils.py
 # basic utilities
 
-import toml
 from pathlib import Path
-from platformdirs import user_config_dir
+from ctf.config import competition, enviroment
-# Parse the config file, returning a config dictionary with relevant config options
-
-
-# Load the config from file and parse with TOML
-def load_config(config = f"{user_config_dir()}/ctf-config.toml") -> dict:
-    p = Path(config)
-    if p.exists():
-        return toml.load(p)
-    return{}
-
-# Write a dictionary to the config file
-def write_config(data: dict, config = f"{user_config_dir()}/ctf"):
-    with open(config, "w") as f:
-        toml.dump(data, f)
 
 # return a list of path objects for each catagory in a competition
 def active_categories(p: Path) -> list:
@@ -213,10 +198,3 @@ def suggest_patterns(s: str, comp_name: str = "") -> list[str]:
     return result
 # }}}
 
-# Load variables to export
-config = load_config("/home/venus/code/ctf/config.toml")
-competition = config["Competition"]
-enviroment = config["Enviroment"]
-# base_dir = config["ctf_dir"]
-
-

tests/cli/test_basic.py

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+# tests/cli/test_basic.py
+# {{{ imports
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+from ctf.cli.basic import basic_group
+from ctf.config import Config
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_basic_test_cli
+def test_basic_test_cli():
+    """
+    Verifies that 'basic test' runs successfully and outputs 'hello from test'.
+    """
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    result = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["test"])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert "hello from test" in result.output
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_basic_greet_cli
+def test_basic_greet_cli():
+    """
+    Verifies that 'basic greet' runs successfully and greets the name argument.
+    """
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    result = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["greet", "Alice"])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert "hello Alice" in result.output
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_basic_set_flag_format_cli
+def test_basic_set_flag_format_cli():
+    """
+    Verifies that 'basic set-flag-format' CLI command writes the pattern to config.toml.
+    """
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    
+    cfg = Config()
+    assert cfg.data["Competition"]["flag_format"] == r"picoCTF\{.*\}"
+    
+    result = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["set-flag-format", "TEST_FLAG{[a-z]+}"])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert "Flag format set to" in result.output
+    
+    updated_cfg = Config()
+    assert updated_cfg.data["Competition"]["flag_format"] == "TEST_FLAG{[a-z]+}"
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_basic_set_flag_format_original_option_cli
+def test_basic_set_flag_format_original_option_cli():
+    """
+    Verifies that 'basic set-flag-format' with --original/-o option prompts for selection and writes it.
+    """
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    
+    result = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["set-flag-format", "-o", "SKY-1111-000"], input="2\n")
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert "Select a pattern index" in result.output
+    assert "Flag format set to" in result.output
+    
+    updated_cfg = Config()
+    selected_pattern = updated_cfg.data["Competition"]["flag_format"]
+    assert len(selected_pattern) > 0
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_basic_set_flag_format_validation_cli
+def test_basic_set_flag_format_validation_cli():
+    """
+    Verifies validation rules:
+    - Specifying both PATTERN and --original should fail.
+    - Specifying neither PATTERN nor --original should fail.
+    - Specifying empty/whitespace-only original flag should fail.
+    """
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    
+    # Both specified
+    result1 = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["set-flag-format", "PAT", "-o", "SKY-1111-000"])
+    assert result1.exit_code != 0
+    assert "Cannot specify both PATTERN and --original/-o option." in result1.output
+    
+    # Neither specified
+    result2 = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["set-flag-format"])
+    assert result2.exit_code != 0
+    assert "Either PATTERN positional argument or --original/-o option must be specified." in result2.output
+
+    # Empty original
+    result3 = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["set-flag-format", "-o", "   "])
+    assert result3.exit_code != 0
+    assert "Original flag cannot be empty or whitespace only." in result3.output
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_basic_set_competition_cli
+def test_basic_set_competition_cli():
+    """
+    Verifies that 'basic set-competition' updates the competition name in config.toml.
+    """
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    result = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["set-competition", "CyberCTF2026"])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert "Competition name set to: CyberCTF2026" in result.output
+    
+    updated_cfg = Config()
+    assert updated_cfg.data["Competition"]["competition"] == "CyberCTF2026"
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_basic_set_flag_format_warning_cli
+def test_basic_set_flag_format_warning_cli():
+    """
+    Verifies that if competition name is set and not present in the example flag,
+    set-flag-format outputs a warning.
+    """
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    
+    # Set competition name first
+    cfg = Config()
+    cfg.data["Competition"]["competition"] = "SECURE"
+    cfg.save(cfg.data)
+    
+    result = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["set-flag-format", "-o", "CTF{easy_flag_123}"], input="1\n")
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert "Warning: Current competition name 'SECURE' was not found in the example flag." in result.output
+# }}}

tests/cli/test_flag.py

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# tests/cli/test_flag.py
+# {{{ imports
+import sys
+import pytest
+from pathlib import Path
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+from unittest.mock import patch
+from ctf.config import Config
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_flag_cmd_cli
+def test_flag_cmd_cli():
+    """
+    Verifies the ctf flag command outputs last_flag with and without --plain.
+    """
+    from ctf.cli import cli
+    
+    cfg = Config()
+    cfg.data["Competition"]["last_flag"] = "flag{test_cli_flag}"
+    cfg.save(cfg.data)
+    
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    
+    # Test standard flag command output
+    result_std = runner.invoke(cli, ["flag"])
+    assert result_std.exit_code == 0
+    assert "Last detected flag: flag{test_cli_flag}" in result_std.output
+    
+    # Test plain flag command output
+    result_plain = runner.invoke(cli, ["flag", "--plain"])
+    assert result_plain.exit_code == 0
+    assert result_plain.output.strip() == "flag{test_cli_flag}"
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_flag_cmd_exemption
+def test_flag_cmd_exemption(capsys):
+    """
+    Verifies that running ctf flag is exempted from triggering the stdout flag warning box.
+    """
+    from ctf.main import main
+    
+    cfg = Config()
+    cfg.data["Competition"]["flag_format"] = r"flag\{[a-z_]+\}"
+    cfg.data["Competition"]["last_flag"] = "flag{test_exempt_flag}"
+    cfg.save(cfg.data)
+    
+    with patch.object(sys, "argv", ["ctf", "flag"]):
+        with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as exc_info:
+            main()
+        assert exc_info.value.code == 0
+        
+    captured = capsys.readouterr()
+    # Verify that the warning box is NOT in stdout
+    assert "Potential flag(s) detected in command output" not in captured.out
+    # Verify that the actual flag info IS printed
+    assert "Last detected flag: flag{test_exempt_flag}" in captured.out
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_flag_cmd_list_format
+def test_flag_cmd_list_format():
+    """
+    Verifies that ctf flag --list / -l prints the current flag format.
+    """
+    from ctf.cli import cli
+    
+    cfg = Config()
+    cfg.data["Competition"]["flag_format"] = "TEST_FORMAT{[a-z]+}"
+    cfg.save(cfg.data)
+    
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    
+    # Test standard output
+    result = runner.invoke(cli, ["flag", "-l"])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert "Current flag format: TEST_FORMAT{[a-z]+}" in result.output
+    
+    # Test plain output
+    result_plain = runner.invoke(cli, ["flag", "-l", "-p"])
+    assert result_plain.exit_code == 0
+    assert result_plain.output.strip() == "TEST_FORMAT{[a-z]+}"
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_flag_cmd_set_format
+def test_flag_cmd_set_format():
+    """
+    Verifies that ctf flag --set / -s updates the flag format in config.toml.
+    """
+    from ctf.cli import cli
+    
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    result = runner.invoke(cli, ["flag", "-s", "NEW_FLAG_FORMAT{[0-9]+}"])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert "Flag format set to: NEW_FLAG_FORMAT{[0-9]+}" in result.output
+    
+    updated_cfg = Config()
+    assert updated_cfg.data["Competition"]["flag_format"] == "NEW_FLAG_FORMAT{[0-9]+}"
+# }}}

tests/cli/test_forensics.py

@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+# tests/cli/test_forensics.py
+# {{{ imports
+import struct
+from pathlib import Path
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+from ctf.cli.forensics import forensics_group
+# }}}
+
+# Define the persistent test environment path
+TEST_ENV = Path("tests/env")
+
+# {{{ test_forensics_metadata_cli_success
+def test_forensics_metadata_cli_success():
+    """
+    Verifies that 'forensics metadata' successfully runs via the CLI and prints 
+    the metadata in a formatted table.
+    """
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    test_file = TEST_ENV / "test_file.png"
+    with open(test_file, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n")
+        
+    result = runner.invoke(forensics_group, ["metadata", str(test_file)])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert "Metadata: test_file.png" in result.output
+    assert "Size" in result.output
+    assert "89504E47" in result.output
+    assert "Detected Type" in result.output
+    assert "PNG Image" in result.output
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_nested_metadata_cli_success
+def test_nested_metadata_cli_success():
+    """
+    Verifies that 'ctf forensics metadata' successfully runs via the root CLI.
+    """
+    from ctf.main import cli
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    test_file = TEST_ENV / "test_file_nested.png"
+    with open(test_file, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n")
+        
+    result = runner.invoke(cli, ["forensics", "metadata", str(test_file)])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert "Metadata: test_file_nested.png" in result.output
+    assert "PNG Image" in result.output
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_forensics_metadata_cli_missing_file
+def test_forensics_metadata_cli_missing_file():
+    """
+    Verifies that the CLI fails gracefully when a non-existent file path is specified.
+    """
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    result = runner.invoke(forensics_group, ["metadata", "non_existent_file.png"])
+    assert result.exit_code != 0
+    assert "does not exist" in result.output
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_forensics_signatures_cli
+def test_forensics_signatures_cli():
+    """
+    Verifies that 'forensics signatures' runs successfully and displays
+    the list of supported file signatures.
+    """
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    result = runner.invoke(forensics_group, ["signatures"])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert "Supported Magic Signatures" in result.output
+    assert "PNG Image" in result.output
+    assert "89504E47" in result.output
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_exif_cli_options
+def test_exif_cli_options():
+    """
+    Verifies CLI options -i/--inode and -e/--exif work as expected.
+    """
+    from ctf.main import cli
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    test_file = TEST_ENV / "mock_exif_image.png"
+    
+    # Verify mutual exclusion error
+    result_err = runner.invoke(cli, ["forensics", "metadata", "-i", "-e", str(test_file)])
+    assert result_err.exit_code != 0
+    assert "Cannot specify more than one" in result_err.output
+    
+    # Verify --inode hides EXIF data table
+    result_inode = runner.invoke(cli, ["forensics", "metadata", "-i", str(test_file)])
+    assert result_inode.exit_code == 0
+    assert "Metadata: mock_exif_image.png" in result_inode.output
+    assert "EXIF Metadata" not in result_inode.output
+    
+    # Verify --exif hides POSIX table but displays EXIF data table
+    result_exif = runner.invoke(cli, ["forensics", "metadata", "-e", str(test_file)])
+    assert result_exif.exit_code == 0
+    assert "Metadata: mock_exif_image.png" not in result_exif.output
+    assert "EXIF Metadata" in result_exif.output
+    assert "mock_exif_image" in result_exif.output
+    assert "Make" in result_exif.output
+    assert "TEST" in result_exif.output
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_exif_cli_options_warning
+def test_exif_cli_options_warning():
+    """
+    Verifies CLI warns when no EXIF or comment is found and -e option is used.
+    """
+    from ctf.main import cli
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    test_file = TEST_ENV / "clean_no_exif.png"
+    with open(test_file, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n")
+        
+    result = runner.invoke(cli, ["forensics", "metadata", "-e", str(test_file)])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert "No EXIF or comment metadata found" in result.output
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_exif_cli_comment_only
+def test_exif_cli_comment_only():
+    """
+    Verifies CLI displays comment when -e is used and only comment is found.
+    """
+    from ctf.main import cli
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    comment_text = b"flag{comment_only}"
+    comment_len = len(comment_text) + 2
+    mock_jpeg = b"\xff\xd8\xff\xfe" + struct.pack(">H", comment_len) + comment_text
+    
+    test_file = TEST_ENV / "comment_only.jpg"
+    with open(test_file, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(mock_jpeg)
+        
+    result = runner.invoke(cli, ["forensics", "metadata", "-e", str(test_file)])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert "Comment" in result.output
+    assert "flag{comment_only}" in result.output
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_adobe_xmp_cli
+def test_adobe_xmp_cli():
+    """
+    Verifies that the ctf inspect CLI prints the parsed XMP fields.
+    """
+    from ctf.main import cli
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    test_file = TEST_ENV / "mock_xmp.jpg"
+    
+    result = runner.invoke(cli, ["forensics", "metadata", "-e", str(test_file)])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert "EXIF Metadata" in result.output
+    assert "cc:license" in result.output
+    assert "cGljb0NURnt0ZXN0X3htcF9mbGFnfQ==" in result.output
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_cli_physical_option
+def test_cli_physical_option():
+    """
+    Verifies the ctf forensics metadata CLI supports -p/--physical and mutual exclusion rules.
+    """
+    from ctf.main import cli
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    test_file = TEST_ENV / "mock_physical.jpg"
+    
+    # Mutual exclusion check
+    result_err = runner.invoke(cli, ["forensics", "metadata", "-p", "-e", str(test_file)])
+    assert result_err.exit_code != 0
+    assert "Cannot specify more than one" in result_err.output
+    
+    # Physical view check
+    result_phys = runner.invoke(cli, ["forensics", "metadata", "-p", str(test_file)])
+    assert result_phys.exit_code == 0
+    assert "Physical Metadata" in result_phys.output
+    assert "Image Size" in result_phys.output
+    assert "1500x1000" in result_phys.output
+    assert "Metadata: mock_physical.jpg" not in result_phys.output
+    assert "EXIF Metadata" not in result_phys.output
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_metadata_decoded_hints_cli
+def test_metadata_decoded_hints_cli():
+    """
+    Verifies that metadata command successfully decodes and prints hex/base64 encoded metadata hints.
+    """
+    from ctf.main import cli
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    
+    # Create a mock JPEG with a base64 encoded comment: "ZmxhZ3tiNjRfbWV0YWRhdGF9" -> "flag{b64_metadata}"
+    comment_text = b"ZmxhZ3tiNjRfbWV0YWRhdGF9"
+    comment_len = len(comment_text) + 2
+    mock_jpeg = b"\xff\xd8\xff\xfe" + struct.pack(">H", comment_len) + comment_text + b"\xff\xd9"
+    
+    test_file = TEST_ENV / "mock_encoded_comment.jpg"
+    with open(test_file, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(mock_jpeg)
+        
+    result = runner.invoke(cli, ["forensics", "metadata", str(test_file)])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert "Decoded Metadata Hints" in result.output
+    assert "Comment" in result.output
+    assert "base64" in result.output
+    assert "flag{b64_metadata}" in result.output
+# }}}

tests/cli/test_steg.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-# tests/test_steg.py
+# tests/cli/test_steg.py
+# {{{ imports
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -6,9 +7,10 @@ from unittest.mock import patch, MagicMock
 import click
 from click.testing import CliRunner
 import pytest
-
 from ctf.steg import crack_steghide, SteghideCrackResult
+# }}}
 
+# {{{ test_crack_steghide_missing_binary
 def test_crack_steghide_missing_binary():
     """
     Verifies that crack_steghide returns failure if steghide is not installed.
@@ -17,7 +19,9 @@ def test_crack_steghide_missing_binary():
         res = crack_steghide(Path("somefile.jpg"), ["pass1", "pass2"])
         assert not res.success
         assert "not found on system" in res.error_message
+# }}}
 
+# {{{ test_crack_steghide_file_not_found
 def test_crack_steghide_file_not_found():
     """
     Verifies that crack_steghide returns failure if the input file does not exist.
@@ -26,7 +30,9 @@ def test_crack_steghide_file_not_found():
         res = crack_steghide(Path("non_existent_file_12345.jpg"), ["pass1", "pass2"])
         assert not res.success
         assert "File not found" in res.error_message
+# }}}
 
+# {{{ test_crack_steghide_success
 def test_crack_steghide_success():
     """
     Verifies that crack_steghide returns success, the password, and payload when cracked.
@@ -36,13 +42,11 @@ def test_crack_steghide_success():
     # We want to mock subprocess.run to write a payload to the out_file (-xf)
     # when the correct password is tried.
     def mock_run(cmd, *args, **kwargs):
-        # cmd: ['steghide', 'extract', '-sf', '...', '-p', password, '-xf', out_file, '-f']
         password = cmd[5]
         out_file = cmd[7]
         mock_res = MagicMock()
         if password == "correct_pass":
             mock_res.returncode = 0
-            # Write a mock payload file
             Path(out_file).write_bytes(b"flag{steghide_cracked_payload}")
         else:
             mock_res.returncode = 1
@@ -57,7 +61,9 @@ def test_crack_steghide_success():
         assert res.password == "correct_pass"
         assert res.payload == b"flag{steghide_cracked_payload}"
         assert res.error_message is None
+# }}}
 
+# {{{ test_crack_steghide_failure
 def test_crack_steghide_failure():
     """
     Verifies that crack_steghide returns failure if the wordlist is exhausted.
@@ -78,7 +84,9 @@ def test_crack_steghide_failure():
         assert res.password is None
         assert res.payload is None
         assert "Password not found in wordlist" in res.error_message
+# }}}
 
+# {{{ test_cli_crack_steghide_success
 def test_cli_crack_steghide_success(tmp_path):
     """
     Verifies that the crack-steghide CLI command prints success panel and previews payload.
@@ -99,13 +107,15 @@ def test_cli_crack_steghide_success(tmp_path):
         payload=b"flag{cli_steg_preview}"
     )
     
-    with patch("ctf.cli_steg.crack_steghide", return_value=mock_result):
+    with patch("ctf.cli.steg.crack_steghide", return_value=mock_result):
         res = runner.invoke(cli, ["steg", "crack-steghide", str(mock_file), "-w", str(wordlist_file)])
         assert res.exit_code == 0
         assert "Successfully cracked!" in res.output
         assert "pass2" in res.output
         assert "flag{cli_steg_preview}" in res.output
+# }}}
 
+# {{{ test_cli_crack_steghide_success_output_file
 def test_cli_crack_steghide_success_output_file(tmp_path):
     """
     Verifies that the crack-steghide CLI command writes the payload to a file when specified.
@@ -127,13 +137,15 @@ def test_cli_crack_steghide_success_output_file(tmp_path):
         payload=b"written_file_content"
     )
     
-    with patch("ctf.cli_steg.crack_steghide", return_value=mock_result):
+    with patch("ctf.cli.steg.crack_steghide", return_value=mock_result):
         res = runner.invoke(cli, ["steg", "crack-steghide", str(mock_file), "-w", str(wordlist_file), "-o", str(out_file)])
         assert res.exit_code == 0
         assert "Successfully cracked!" in res.output
         assert out_file.exists()
         assert out_file.read_bytes() == b"written_file_content"
+# }}}
 
+# {{{ test_cli_crack_steghide_failure
 def test_cli_crack_steghide_failure(tmp_path):
     """
     Verifies that the crack-steghide CLI command displays correct error message on failure.
@@ -152,7 +164,8 @@ def test_cli_crack_steghide_failure(tmp_path):
         error_message="Password not found in wordlist."
     )
     
-    with patch("ctf.cli_steg.crack_steghide", return_value=mock_result):
+    with patch("ctf.cli.steg.crack_steghide", return_value=mock_result):
         res = runner.invoke(cli, ["steg", "crack-steghide", str(mock_file), "-w", str(wordlist_file)])
         assert res.exit_code == 0
         assert "Cracking failed: Password not found in wordlist" in res.output
+# }}}

tests/conftest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# tests/conftest.py
+import pytest
+import toml
+from pathlib import Path
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def setup_test_config(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
+    """Autouse fixture to isolate test runs from the real config.toml."""
+    test_config = tmp_path / "config.toml"
+    default_data = {
+        "Competition": {
+            "competition": "picoctf",
+            "catagory": "textCat",
+            "challenge": "testChal",
+            "flag_format": r"picoCTF\{.*\}",
+            "last_flag": "flag{my_flag_here}"
+        },
+        "Enviroment": {
+            "ctf_dir": "/home/venus/ctf"
+        }
+    }
+    test_config.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    with open(test_config, "w") as f:
+        toml.dump(default_data, f)
+        
+    monkeypatch.setenv("CTF_CONFIG_PATH", str(test_config))
+    return test_config

tests/env/test_write_config.toml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+TestKey = "TestVal"

tests/forensics/test_metadata.py

@@ -1,65 +1,18 @@
-from pathlib import Path
+# tests/forensics/test_metadata.py
-import toml
+# {{{ imports
 import os
-import stat
 import sys
-from click.testing import CliRunner
+import stat
-from ctf.utils import load_config, active_categories
+from pathlib import Path
+import pytest
 from ctf.forensics import get_metadata
-from ctf.cli_forensics import forensics_group, inspect
+from ctf.utils import active_categories
+# }}}
 
 # Define the persistent test environment path
 TEST_ENV = Path("tests/env")
 
-# =====================================================================
+# {{{ test_active_categories_static
-# 1. Test Strategy Summary
-# =====================================================================
-# Core scenarios tested:
-#
-# A. Happy Path:
-#    - Verifying metadata attributes (permissions, ownership, size, 
-#      hard links, inode, device) map exactly to filesystem ground truth.
-#
-# B. Boundary Conditions:
-#    - Testing empty files (0 bytes) for correct apparent size and allocation.
-#    - Testing file permissions changes (e.g. read-only, executable) and
-#      making sure the parsed octal/symbolic codes match.
-#    - Testing multiple hard links (count > 1).
-#
-# C. Edge Cases & OS Portability:
-#    - Extended attributes (xattr) support, handling platforms where xattr
-#      is not present or supported on the active file system.
-#    - Graceful system identity fallbacks for UID/GID names when passwd/group
-#      databases are unavailable or running on non-Unix systems.
-#
-# D. Error Handling:
-#    - Accessing non-existent paths (CLI validation errors).
-# =====================================================================
-
-# =====================================================================
-# 2. Mocking/Setup Requirements
-# =====================================================================
-# - Filesystem sandbox: Uses `tests/env/` to dynamically create files
-#   with specific mode bits, content, and links.
-# - No external network/API mocking is required.
-# - OS-specific conditional blocks handle platforms (e.g., Windows) 
-#   where POSIX ownership resolution or xattr is not native.
-# =====================================================================
-
-def test_load_config_static():
-    """Verifies load_config using the persistent test file."""
-    config_file = TEST_ENV / "config.toml"
-    test_data = {
-        "Competition": {"name": "PersistentComp"},
-        "Enviroment": {"data_dir": str(TEST_ENV.absolute())}
-    }
-    config_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    with open(config_file, "w") as f:
-        toml.dump(test_data, f)
-    
-    loaded_data = load_config(str(config_file))
-    assert loaded_data["Competition"]["name"] == "PersistentComp"
-
 def test_active_categories_static():
     """Verifies active_categories using the pre-created 'comp1' folder."""
     comp_dir = TEST_ENV / "comp1"
@@ -72,10 +25,9 @@ def test_active_categories_static():
     
     assert "web" in cat_names
     assert "pwn" in cat_names
+# }}}
 
-
+# {{{ test_inspect_permissions
-# --- Task-Specific Universal Metadata Tests ---
-
 def test_inspect_permissions():
     """
     Task 1: POSIX Permissions.
@@ -101,8 +53,9 @@ def test_inspect_permissions():
     meta_new = get_metadata(test_file)
     assert meta_new.permissions_octal == "0o644"
     assert meta_new.permissions_symbolic == "-rw-r--r--"
+# }}}
 
-
+# {{{ test_inspect_ownership
 def test_inspect_ownership():
     """
     Task 2: Ownership Identity.
@@ -130,8 +83,9 @@ def test_inspect_ownership():
         # Fallback for Windows
         assert isinstance(meta.owner_username, str)
         assert isinstance(meta.owner_groupname, str)
+# }}}
 
-
+# {{{ test_inspect_allocation
 def test_inspect_allocation():
     """
     Task 3: Allocation Metrics.
@@ -153,8 +107,9 @@ def test_inspect_allocation():
         assert meta.allocated_size == expected_blocks_size
     else:
         assert meta.allocated_size >= 1234
+# }}}
 
-
+# {{{ test_inspect_hard_links
 def test_inspect_hard_links():
     """
     Task 4: Hard Link Count.
@@ -179,8 +134,9 @@ def test_inspect_hard_links():
     finally:
         if link_file.exists():
             link_file.unlink()
+# }}}
 
-
+# {{{ test_inspect_inode_device
 def test_inspect_inode_device():
     """
     Task 5: Inode & Device Identifiers.
@@ -195,8 +151,9 @@ def test_inspect_inode_device():
     
     assert meta.inode == stat_info.st_ino
     assert meta.device == stat_info.st_dev
+# }}}
 
-
+# {{{ test_inspect_extended_attributes
 def test_inspect_extended_attributes():
     """
     Task 6: Extended Attributes (xattr).
@@ -207,15 +164,12 @@ def test_inspect_extended_attributes():
     with open(test_file, "wb") as f:
         f.write(b"data")
         
-    # Attempt to set an extended attribute (Linux/macOS specific)
     has_xattr_support = False
     if sys.platform in ("linux", "darwin"):
         try:
-            import xattr
-            # Use user namespace for custom attribute
             os.setxattr(str(test_file), "user.ctf_flag", b"FLAG{filesystem_metadata_ftw}")
             has_xattr_support = True
-        except (ImportError, OSError, AttributeError):
+        except (OSError, AttributeError):
             pass
             
     meta = get_metadata(test_file)
@@ -224,97 +178,23 @@ def test_inspect_extended_attributes():
         assert "user.ctf_flag" in meta.extended_attributes
         assert meta.extended_attributes["user.ctf_flag"] == "FLAG{filesystem_metadata_ftw}"
     else:
-        # Should gracefully return an empty dict if not supported or none defined
         assert isinstance(meta.extended_attributes, dict)
+# }}}
 
-
+# {{{ test_pure_exif_parsing
-# --- CLI Validation Tests ---
-
-def test_forensics_inspect_cli_success():
-    """
-    Verifies that 'forensics inspect' successfully runs via the CLI and prints 
-    the metadata in a formatted table.
-    """
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    test_file = TEST_ENV / "test_file.png"
-    with open(test_file, "wb") as f:
-        f.write(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n")
-        
-    result = runner.invoke(forensics_group, ["inspect", str(test_file)])
-    assert result.exit_code == 0
-    assert "Metadata: test_file.png" in result.output
-    assert "Size" in result.output
-    assert "89504E47" in result.output
-    assert "Detected Type" in result.output
-    assert "PNG Image" in result.output
-
-def test_root_inspect_cli_success():
-    """
-    Verifies that 'ctf inspect' successfully runs at the root level and prints 
-    the metadata in a formatted table.
-    """
-    from ctf.main import cli
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    test_file = TEST_ENV / "test_file_root.png"
-    with open(test_file, "wb") as f:
-        f.write(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n")
-        
-    result = runner.invoke(cli, ["inspect", str(test_file)])
-    assert result.exit_code == 0
-    assert "Metadata: test_file_root.png" in result.output
-    assert "PNG Image" in result.output
-
-def test_nested_inspect_cli_success():
-    """
-    Verifies that 'ctf forensics inspect' successfully runs via the root CLI.
-    """
-    from ctf.main import cli
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    test_file = TEST_ENV / "test_file_nested.png"
-    with open(test_file, "wb") as f:
-        f.write(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n")
-        
-    result = runner.invoke(cli, ["forensics", "inspect", str(test_file)])
-    assert result.exit_code == 0
-    assert "Metadata: test_file_nested.png" in result.output
-    assert "PNG Image" in result.output
-
-def test_forensics_inspect_cli_missing_file():
-    """
-    Verifies that the CLI fails gracefully when a non-existent file path is specified.
-    """
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    result = runner.invoke(forensics_group, ["inspect", "non_existent_file.png"])
-    assert result.exit_code != 0
-    assert "does not exist" in result.output
-
-def test_forensics_signatures_cli():
-    """
-    Verifies that 'forensics signatures' runs successfully and displays
-    the list of supported file signatures.
-    """
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    result = runner.invoke(forensics_group, ["signatures"])
-    assert result.exit_code == 0
-    assert "Supported Magic Signatures" in result.output
-    assert "PNG Image" in result.output
-    assert "89504E47" in result.output
-
-# (Old flag-detect tests removed)
-
 def test_pure_exif_parsing():
     """
     Verifies that get_metadata successfully parses EXIF fields from a mock PNG.
     """
     import struct
     tiff_data = (
-        b"II\x2a\x00\x08\x00\x00\x00"  # TIFF Header
+        b"II\x2a\x00\x08\x00\x00\x00"
-        b"\x02\x00"                    # Num entries
+        b"\x02\x00"
-        b"\x0f\x01\x02\x00\x05\x00\x00\x00\x26\x00\x00\x00"  # Entry 1 (Make: offset 38)
+        b"\x0f\x01\x02\x00\x05\x00\x00\x00\x26\x00\x00\x00"
-        b"\x10\x01\x02\x00\x06\x00\x00\x00\x2b\x00\x00\x00"  # Entry 2 (Model: offset 43)
+        b"\x10\x01\x02\x00\x06\x00\x00\x00\x2b\x00\x00\x00"
-        b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"            # Next IFD offset
+        b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"
-        b"TEST\x00"                    # Make value
+        b"TEST\x00"
-        b"MODEL\x00"                   # Model value
+        b"MODEL\x00"
     )
     png_header = b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"
     exif_chunk_type = b"eXIf"
@@ -330,35 +210,9 @@ def test_pure_exif_parsing():
     meta = get_metadata(test_file)
     assert meta.exif_data.get("Make") == "TEST"
     assert meta.exif_data.get("Model") == "MODEL"
+# }}}
 
-def test_exif_cli_options():
+# {{{ test_jpeg_comment_extraction
-    """
-    Verifies CLI options -i/--inode and -e/--exif work as expected.
-    """
-    from ctf.main import cli
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    test_file = TEST_ENV / "mock_exif_image.png"
-    
-    # Verify mutual exclusion error
-    result_err = runner.invoke(cli, ["inspect", "-i", "-e", str(test_file)])
-    assert result_err.exit_code != 0
-    assert "Cannot specify more than one" in result_err.output
-    
-    # Verify --inode hides EXIF data table
-    result_inode = runner.invoke(cli, ["inspect", "-i", str(test_file)])
-    assert result_inode.exit_code == 0
-    assert "Metadata: mock_exif_image.png" in result_inode.output
-    assert "EXIF Metadata" not in result_inode.output
-    
-    # Verify --exif hides POSIX table but displays EXIF data table
-    result_exif = runner.invoke(cli, ["inspect", "-e", str(test_file)])
-    assert result_exif.exit_code == 0
-    assert "Metadata: mock_exif_image.png" not in result_exif.output
-    assert "EXIF Metadata" in result_exif.output
-    assert "mock_exif_image" in result_exif.output
-    assert "Make" in result_exif.output
-    assert "TEST" in result_exif.output
-
 def test_jpeg_comment_extraction():
     """
     Verifies that get_metadata successfully parses a JPEG comment (COM marker).
@@ -380,41 +234,9 @@ def test_jpeg_comment_extraction():
         
     meta = get_metadata(test_file)
     assert meta.comment == "picoCTF{test_comment_flag}"
+# }}}
 
-def test_exif_cli_options_warning():
+# {{{ test_adobe_xmp_extraction
-    """
-    Verifies CLI warns when no EXIF or comment is found and -e option is used.
-    """
-    from ctf.main import cli
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    test_file = TEST_ENV / "clean_no_exif.png"
-    with open(test_file, "wb") as f:
-        f.write(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n")
-        
-    result = runner.invoke(cli, ["inspect", "-e", str(test_file)])
-    assert result.exit_code == 0
-    assert "No EXIF or comment metadata found" in result.output
-
-def test_exif_cli_comment_only():
-    """
-    Verifies CLI displays comment when -e is used and only comment is found.
-    """
-    from ctf.main import cli
-    import struct
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    comment_text = b"flag{comment_only}"
-    comment_len = len(comment_text) + 2
-    mock_jpeg = b"\xff\xd8\xff\xfe" + struct.pack(">H", comment_len) + comment_text
-    
-    test_file = TEST_ENV / "comment_only.jpg"
-    with open(test_file, "wb") as f:
-        f.write(mock_jpeg)
-        
-    result = runner.invoke(cli, ["inspect", "-e", str(test_file)])
-    assert result.exit_code == 0
-    assert "Comment" in result.output
-    assert "flag{comment_only}" in result.output
-
 def test_adobe_xmp_extraction():
     """
     Verifies that get_metadata successfully parses XMP fields (like license resource).
@@ -446,21 +268,9 @@ def test_adobe_xmp_extraction():
         
     meta = get_metadata(test_file)
     assert meta.exif_data.get("cc:license") == "cGljb0NURnt0ZXN0X3htcF9mbGFnfQ=="
+# }}}
 
-def test_adobe_xmp_cli():
+# {{{ test_jpeg_physical_parsing
-    """
-    Verifies that the ctf inspect CLI prints the parsed XMP fields.
-    """
-    from ctf.main import cli
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    test_file = TEST_ENV / "mock_xmp.jpg"
-    
-    result = runner.invoke(cli, ["inspect", "-e", str(test_file)])
-    assert result.exit_code == 0
-    assert "EXIF Metadata" in result.output
-    assert "cc:license" in result.output
-    assert "cGljb0NURnt0ZXN0X3htcF9mbGFnfQ==" in result.output
-
 def test_jpeg_physical_parsing():
     """
     Verifies that get_metadata successfully parses JPEG physical parameters (JFIF & SOF).
@@ -483,7 +293,9 @@ def test_jpeg_physical_parsing():
     assert meta.physical_data.get("Image Size") == "1500x1000"
     assert meta.physical_data.get("Megapixels") == "1.5"
     assert meta.physical_data.get("Encoding Process") == "Baseline DCT, Huffman coding"
+# }}}
 
+# {{{ test_jpeg_iptc_parsing
 def test_jpeg_iptc_parsing():
     """
     Verifies that get_metadata successfully parses JPEG IPTC metadata from APP13.
@@ -507,28 +319,9 @@ def test_jpeg_iptc_parsing():
         
     meta = get_metadata(test_file)
     assert meta.exif_data.get("CopyrightNotice") == "PicoCTF Rights"
+# }}}
 
-def test_cli_physical_option():
+# {{{ test_png_text_chunks_decompression
-    """
-    Verifies the ctf inspect CLI supports -p/--physical and mutual exclusion rules.
-    """
-    from ctf.main import cli
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    test_file = TEST_ENV / "mock_physical.jpg"
-    
-    # Mutual exclusion check
-    result_err = runner.invoke(cli, ["inspect", "-p", "-e", str(test_file)])
-    assert result_err.exit_code != 0
-    assert "Cannot specify more than one" in result_err.output
-    
-    # Physical view check
-    result_phys = runner.invoke(cli, ["inspect", "-p", str(test_file)])
-    assert result_phys.exit_code == 0
-    assert "Physical Metadata" in result_phys.output
-    assert "Image Size" in result_phys.output
-    assert "1500x1000" in result_phys.output
-    assert "Metadata: mock_physical.jpg" not in result_phys.output
-    assert "EXIF Metadata" not in result_phys.output
 def test_png_text_chunks_decompression():
     """
     Verifies that get_metadata successfully parses tEXt and compressed zTXt chunks.
@@ -536,11 +329,9 @@ def test_png_text_chunks_decompression():
     import zlib
     import struct
     
-    # 1. tEXt chunk: Keyword (Copyright) + NUL + Text (PicoCTF)
     text_data = b"Copyright\x00PicoCTF"
     text_chunk = struct.pack(">I", len(text_data)) + b"tEXt" + text_data + b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"
     
-    # 2. zTXt chunk: Keyword (Author) + NUL + CompMethod(0) + Deflated Text (John Doe)
     deflated = zlib.compress(b"John Doe")
     ztxt_data = b"Author\x00\x00" + deflated
     ztxt_chunk = struct.pack(">I", len(ztxt_data)) + b"zTXt" + ztxt_data + b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"
@@ -554,7 +345,9 @@ def test_png_text_chunks_decompression():
     meta = get_metadata(test_file)
     assert meta.exif_data.get("Copyright") == "PicoCTF"
     assert meta.exif_data.get("Author") == "John Doe"
+# }}}
 
+# {{{ test_gif_comment_parsing
 def test_gif_comment_parsing():
     """
     Verifies that get_metadata successfully parses GIF comment blocks.
@@ -571,7 +364,9 @@ def test_gif_comment_parsing():
         
     meta = get_metadata(test_file)
     assert meta.comment == "GIFComment"
+# }}}
 
+# {{{ test_adobe_xmp_formatting
 def test_adobe_xmp_formatting():
     """
     Verifies that get_metadata parses rdf:Description attributes and formats other
@@ -609,28 +404,4 @@ def test_adobe_xmp_formatting():
     assert meta.exif_data.get("exif:Flash") == "exif:Fired | True, exif:Mode | 1"
     assert meta.exif_data.get("exif:EmptyAttr") == "exif:Value"
     assert "rdf:Description" not in meta.exif_data
-
+# }}}
-def test_inspect_decoded_hints_cli():
-    """
-    Verifies that inspect command successfully decodes and prints hex/base64 encoded metadata hints.
-    """
-    from ctf.main import cli
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    
-    # Create a mock JPEG with a base64 encoded comment: "ZmxhZ3tiNjRfbWV0YWRhdGF9" -> "flag{b64_metadata}"
-    import struct
-    comment_text = b"ZmxhZ3tiNjRfbWV0YWRhdGF9"
-    comment_len = len(comment_text) + 2
-    mock_jpeg = b"\xff\xd8\xff\xfe" + struct.pack(">H", comment_len) + comment_text + b"\xff\xd9"
-    
-    test_file = TEST_ENV / "mock_encoded_comment.jpg"
-    with open(test_file, "wb") as f:
-        f.write(mock_jpeg)
-        
-    result = runner.invoke(cli, ["inspect", str(test_file)])
-    assert result.exit_code == 0
-    assert "Decoded Metadata Hints" in result.output
-    assert "Comment" in result.output
-    assert "base64" in result.output
-    assert "flag{b64_metadata}" in result.output
-

tests/forensics/test_parsers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# tests/forensics/test_parsers.py
+# {{{ imports
+from ctf.forensics import ParserFactory, JpegParser, PngParser, GifParser, FallbackParser
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_parser_factory_and_classes
+def test_parser_factory_and_classes():
+    """
+    Verifies that ParserFactory selects the correct parser subclass and
+    that individual FormatParser subclasses behave correctly.
+    """
+    # Assert JPEG
+    jpeg_parser = ParserFactory.get_parser(b"\xff\xd8\xff\xe0\x00\x10JFIF")
+    assert isinstance(jpeg_parser, JpegParser)
+    
+    # Assert PNG
+    png_parser = ParserFactory.get_parser(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n\x00\x00\x00\rIHDR")
+    assert isinstance(png_parser, PngParser)
+    
+    # Assert GIF
+    gif_parser = ParserFactory.get_parser(b"GIF89a\x01\x00\x01\x00")
+    assert isinstance(gif_parser, GifParser)
+    
+    # Assert Fallback
+    fallback_parser = ParserFactory.get_parser(b"MZ\x90\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00")
+    assert isinstance(fallback_parser, FallbackParser)
+    assert fallback_parser.parse_physical(b"") == {}
+    assert fallback_parser.get_comment(b"") == ""
+    assert fallback_parser.get_exif_tags(b"") == {}
+# }}}

tests/test_analysis.py

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+# tests/test_analysis.py
+from pathlib import Path
+import pytest
+from click.testing import CliRunner
+from ctf.analysis import run_analysis, RouteResult
+
+TEST_ENV = Path("tests/env")
+
+def test_run_analysis_no_file():
+    """
+    Verifies that run_analysis returns non-executed metadata route when file_path is None.
+    """
+    result = run_analysis(None)
+    assert not result.success
+    assert len(result.routes) == 1
+    assert not result.routes[0].executed
+    assert "No file attached" in result.routes[0].message
+
+def test_run_analysis_file_not_found():
+    """
+    Verifies that run_analysis returns a failed metadata route when path does not exist.
+    """
+    result = run_analysis(Path("non_existent_file_xyz.jpg"))
+    assert not result.success
+    assert len(result.routes) == 1
+    assert result.routes[0].executed
+    assert not result.routes[0].success
+    assert "File not found" in result.routes[0].message
+
+def test_run_analysis_success_with_flag():
+    """
+    Verifies that run_analysis successfully extracts flag from file comment.
+    """
+    import struct
+    comment_text = b"flag{metadata_analyse_success}"
+    comment_len = len(comment_text) + 2
+    mock_jpeg = b"\xff\xd8\xff\xfe" + struct.pack(">H", comment_len) + comment_text + b"\xff\xd9"
+    
+    test_file = TEST_ENV / "mock_analyse_flag.jpg"
+    with open(test_file, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(mock_jpeg)
+        
+    result = run_analysis(test_file)
+    assert result.success
+    assert len(result.routes) == 1
+    assert result.routes[0].success
+    assert "flag{metadata_analyse_success}" in result.routes[0].extracted_flags
+
+def test_cli_analyse_success():
+    """
+    Verifies that 'ctf analyse' CLI successfully runs and outputs the extracted flags.
+    """
+    from ctf.main import cli
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    
+    import struct
+    comment_text = b"flag{cli_analyse_success}"
+    comment_len = len(comment_text) + 2
+    mock_jpeg = b"\xff\xd8\xff\xfe" + struct.pack(">H", comment_len) + comment_text + b"\xff\xd9"
+    
+    test_file = TEST_ENV / "mock_cli_analyse_flag.jpg"
+    with open(test_file, "wb") as f:
+        f.write(mock_jpeg)
+        
+    result = runner.invoke(cli, ["analyse", "-f", str(test_file)])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert "Starting dynamic challenge analysis" in result.output
+    assert "Route: File Metadata Extraction" in result.output
+    assert "flag{cli_analyse_success}" in result.output
+    assert "Challenge solved successfully!" in result.output
+
+def test_cli_analyse_no_file():
+    """
+    Verifies that 'ctf analyse' CLI displays warnings when run without -f option.
+    """
+    from ctf.main import cli
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    
+    result = runner.invoke(cli, ["analyse"])
+    assert result.exit_code == 0
+    assert "No file attached to analyze" in result.output
+    assert "No clear flag found yet" in result.output
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_metadata_route_direct_execute
+def test_metadata_route_direct_execute():
+    """
+    Verifies that MetadataRoute can be instantiated and executed directly.
+    """
+    from ctf.analysis import MetadataRoute, RouteResult
+    
+    route = MetadataRoute()
+    assert route.route_name == "File Metadata Extraction"
+    assert route.is_applicable(Path("dummy.txt"))
+    
+    # Executing on non-existent file
+    res = route.execute(Path("non_existent_file_xyz.bin"))
+    assert isinstance(res, RouteResult)
+    assert res.executed
+    assert not res.success
+    assert "File not found" in res.message
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_routing_engine_register_and_run
+def test_routing_engine_register_and_run():
+    """
+    Verifies that RoutingEngine successfully registers and runs applicable routes.
+    """
+    from ctf.analysis import RoutingEngine, BaseRoute, RouteResult
+    
+    class MockRoute(BaseRoute):
+        def __init__(self):
+            super().__init__("Mock Route")
+        def is_applicable(self, file_path: Path) -> bool:
+            return file_path.name.endswith(".mock")
+        def execute(self, file_path: Path) -> RouteResult:
+            return RouteResult(
+                route_name=self.route_name,
+                executed=True,
+                success=True,
+                message="Mock success",
+                extracted_flags=["flag{mock_success}"]
+            )
+            
+    engine = RoutingEngine()
+    route = MockRoute()
+    engine.register_route(route)
+    
+    # Run with no file path
+    res_no_path = engine.run_all(None)
+    assert not res_no_path.success
+    assert len(res_no_path.routes) == 1
+    assert not res_no_path.routes[0].executed
+    
+    # Run with non-applicable file path
+    res_non_app = engine.run_all(Path("test.txt"))
+    assert not res_non_app.success
+    assert len(res_non_app.routes) == 0
+    
+    # Run with applicable file path
+    res_app = engine.run_all(Path("test.mock"))
+    assert res_app.success
+    assert len(res_app.routes) == 1
+    assert res_app.routes[0].success
+    assert "flag{mock_success}" in res_app.routes[0].extracted_flags
+# }}}
+

tests/test_artifacts.py

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# tests/test_artifacts.py
+from pathlib import Path
+from ctf.forensics import get_metadata
+from ctf.analysis import run_analysis
+
+ARTIFACTS_DIR = Path("tests/artifacts")
+
+# {{{ test_flag_txt
+def test_flag_txt():
+    """Asserts flag.txt holds the direct plaintext flag."""
+    flag_file = ARTIFACTS_DIR / "flag.txt"
+    content = flag_file.read_text().strip()
+    assert content == "picoCTF{h1dd3n_1n_1m4g3_5d4cba73}"
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_cat_jpg
+def test_cat_jpg():
+    """Asserts cat.jpg contains the base64-encoded license flag."""
+    file_path = ARTIFACTS_DIR / "cat.jpg"
+    meta = get_metadata(file_path)
+    # Check that license metadata has the base64 encoded hint
+    assert "EXIF:cc:license" in meta.decoded_hints
+    assert meta.decoded_hints["EXIF:cc:license"].get("base64") == "picoCTF{the_m3tadata_1s_modified}"
+    
+    # Run analysis
+    res = run_analysis(file_path)
+    assert res.success
+    assert "picoCTF{the_m3tadata_1s_modified}" in res.routes[0].extracted_flags
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_easy_cat_jpg
+def test_easy_cat_jpg():
+    """Asserts easy-cat.jpg contains comment flag and license flag."""
+    file_path = ARTIFACTS_DIR / "easy-cat.jpg"
+    meta = get_metadata(file_path)
+    assert meta.comment == "picoCTF{easypeasy}"
+    
+    # Run analysis
+    res = run_analysis(file_path)
+    assert res.success
+    flags = res.routes[0].extracted_flags
+    assert "picoCTF{easypeasy}" in flags
+    assert "picoCTF{the_m3tadata_1s_modified}" in flags
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_easy_cat_jpg_original
+def test_easy_cat_jpg_original():
+    """Asserts easy-cat.jpg_original contains only the license flag."""
+    file_path = ARTIFACTS_DIR / "easy-cat.jpg_original"
+    meta = get_metadata(file_path)
+    assert not meta.comment
+    
+    res = run_analysis(file_path)
+    assert res.success
+    assert "picoCTF{the_m3tadata_1s_modified}" in res.routes[0].extracted_flags
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_garden_jpg
+def test_garden_jpg():
+    """Asserts garden.jpg contains no metadata flags."""
+    file_path = ARTIFACTS_DIR / "garden.jpg"
+    meta = get_metadata(file_path)
+    assert not meta.comment
+    
+    res = run_analysis(file_path)
+    assert not res.success
+    assert not res.routes[0].extracted_flags
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_hips_jpg
+def test_hips_jpg():
+    """Asserts hips.jpg contains comment hint but no actual flags."""
+    file_path = ARTIFACTS_DIR / "hips.jpg"
+    meta = get_metadata(file_path)
+    assert "Comment" in meta.decoded_hints
+    # Steghide password hint decodes to pAzzword, not a flag
+    assert meta.decoded_hints["Comment"].get("base64->base64") == "pAzzword"
+    
+    res = run_analysis(file_path)
+    assert not res.success
+    assert not res.routes[0].extracted_flags
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_red_png
+def test_red_png():
+    """Asserts red.png contains comment hint but no actual flags."""
+    file_path = ARTIFACTS_DIR / "red.png"
+    meta = get_metadata(file_path)
+    assert "Comment" in meta.decoded_hints
+    assert meta.decoded_hints["Comment"].get("base64->base64") == "pAzzword"
+    
+    res = run_analysis(file_path)
+    assert not res.success
+    assert not res.routes[0].extracted_flags
+# }}}

tests/test_commands.py

@@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
-from pathlib import Path
-import toml
-from click.testing import CliRunner
-from ctf.commands import basic_group
-
-TEST_ENV = Path("tests/env")
-
-def test_basic_test_cli():
-    """
-    Verifies that 'basic test' runs successfully and outputs 'hello from test'.
-    """
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    result = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["test"])
-    assert result.exit_code == 0
-    assert "hello from test" in result.output
-
-def test_basic_greet_cli():
-    """
-    Verifies that 'basic greet' runs successfully and greets the name argument.
-    """
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    result = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["greet", "Alice"])
-    assert result.exit_code == 0
-    assert "hello Alice" in result.output
-
-def test_basic_set_flag_format_cli():
-    """
-    Verifies that 'basic set-flag-format' CLI command writes the pattern to config.toml.
-    """
-    from ctf.utils import load_config
-    
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    config_file = Path("/home/venus/code/ctf/config.toml")
-    
-    # Save the original config to restore later
-    original_config = load_config(str(config_file))
-    
-    try:
-        result = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["set-flag-format", "TEST_FLAG{[a-z]+}"])
-        assert result.exit_code == 0
-        assert "Flag format set to" in result.output
-        
-        # Verify it was written to config.toml
-        updated_config = load_config(str(config_file))
-        assert updated_config["Competition"]["flag_format"] == "TEST_FLAG{[a-z]+}"
-    finally:
-        # Restore original config
-        from ctf.utils import write_config
-        write_config(original_config, str(config_file))
-
-def test_basic_set_flag_format_original_option_cli():
-    """
-    Verifies that 'basic set-flag-format' with --original/-o option prompts for selection and writes it.
-    """
-    from ctf.utils import load_config
-    
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    config_file = Path("/home/venus/code/ctf/config.toml")
-    
-    # Save the original config to restore later
-    original_config = load_config(str(config_file))
-    
-    try:
-        # We pass -o SKY-1111-000 and input "2" to choose the second suggested pattern
-        result = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["set-flag-format", "-o", "SKY-1111-000"], input="2\n")
-        assert result.exit_code == 0
-        comp_name = original_config.get("Competition", {}).get("competition", "")
-        if comp_name:
-            assert f"Suggested regex patterns for competition {comp_name}:" in result.output
-        else:
-            assert "Suggested regex patterns:" in result.output
-        assert "Select a pattern index" in result.output
-        assert "Flag format set to" in result.output
-        
-        # Verify it was written to config.toml
-        updated_config = load_config(str(config_file))
-        selected_pattern = updated_config["Competition"]["flag_format"]
-        assert len(selected_pattern) > 0
-    finally:
-        # Restore original config
-        from ctf.utils import write_config
-        write_config(original_config, str(config_file))
-
-def test_basic_set_flag_format_validation_cli():
-    """
-    Verifies validation rules:
-    - Specifying both PATTERN and --original should fail.
-    - Specifying neither PATTERN nor --original should fail.
-    - Specifying empty/whitespace-only original flag should fail.
-    """
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    
-    # Both specified
-    result1 = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["set-flag-format", "PAT", "-o", "SKY-1111-000"])
-    assert result1.exit_code != 0
-    assert "Cannot specify both PATTERN and --original/-o option." in result1.output
-    
-    # Neither specified
-    result2 = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["set-flag-format"])
-    assert result2.exit_code != 0
-    assert "Either PATTERN positional argument or --original/-o option must be specified." in result2.output
-
-    # Empty original
-    result3 = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["set-flag-format", "-o", "   "])
-    assert result3.exit_code != 0
-    assert "Original flag cannot be empty or whitespace only." in result3.output
-
-def test_basic_set_competition_cli():
-    """
-    Verifies that 'basic set-competition' updates the competition name in config.toml.
-    """
-    from ctf.utils import load_config
-    
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    config_file = Path("/home/venus/code/ctf/config.toml")
-    original_config = load_config(str(config_file))
-    
-    try:
-        result = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["set-competition", "CyberCTF2026"])
-        assert result.exit_code == 0
-        assert "Competition name set to: CyberCTF2026" in result.output
-        
-        updated_config = load_config(str(config_file))
-        assert updated_config["Competition"]["competition"] == "CyberCTF2026"
-    finally:
-        from ctf.utils import write_config
-        write_config(original_config, str(config_file))
-
-def test_basic_set_flag_format_warning_cli():
-    """
-    Verifies that if competition name is set and not present in the example flag,
-    set-flag-format outputs a warning.
-    """
-    from ctf.utils import load_config, write_config
-    
-    runner = CliRunner()
-    config_file = Path("/home/venus/code/ctf/config.toml")
-    original_config = load_config(str(config_file))
-    
-    try:
-        # Set competition name first
-        temp_config = load_config(str(config_file))
-        if "Competition" not in temp_config:
-            temp_config["Competition"] = {}
-        temp_config["Competition"]["competition"] = "SECURE"
-        write_config(temp_config, str(config_file))
-        
-        # Now run set-flag-format with an example flag that has no "SECURE" substring
-        # We also pass input "1" to satisfy the choice prompt
-        result = runner.invoke(basic_group, ["set-flag-format", "-o", "CTF{easy_flag_123}"], input="1\n")
-        assert result.exit_code == 0
-        assert "Warning: Current competition name 'SECURE' was not found in the example flag." in result.output
-    finally:
-        write_config(original_config, str(config_file))
-
-

tests/test_config.py

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# tests/test_config.py
+import toml
+from pathlib import Path
+from ctf.config import Config
+
+TEST_ENV = Path("tests/env")
+
+# {{{ test_load_config_static
+def test_load_config_static():
+    """Verifies Config loading using a persistent test file."""
+    config_file = TEST_ENV / "config.toml"
+    test_data = {
+        "Competition": {"name": "PersistentComp"},
+        "Enviroment": {"data_dir": str(TEST_ENV.absolute())}
+    }
+    config_file.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    with open(config_file, "w") as f:
+        toml.dump(test_data, f)
+    
+    cfg = Config(config_file)
+    assert cfg.data["Competition"]["name"] == "PersistentComp"
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_write_config_static
+def test_write_config_static():
+    """Verifies Config writing by saving and reloading."""
+    config_file = TEST_ENV / "test_write_config.toml"
+    test_data = {"TestKey": "TestVal"}
+    
+    cfg = Config(config_file)
+    cfg.save(test_data)
+    
+    reloaded = Config(config_file)
+    assert reloaded.data == test_data
+# }}}

tests/test_decoding.py

@@ -133,3 +133,31 @@ def test_try_decode_metadata_rot13_unique_only():
     assert "rot13" not in res_duplicate
 # }}}
 
+# {{{ test_decoder_subclasses_and_registry
+def test_decoder_subclasses_and_registry():
+    """
+    Verifies that DecodingRegistry successfully registers concrete decoders and
+    that individual BaseDecoder subclasses correctly decode matching strings.
+    """
+    from ctf.decoding import DecodingRegistry, Base64Decoder, HexDecoder, Rot13Decoder
+    
+    registry = DecodingRegistry.get_default_registry()
+    assert len(registry.decoders) >= 7
+    
+    # Assert Base64Decoder behaves correctly
+    b64_dec = Base64Decoder()
+    assert b64_dec.name == "base64"
+    assert b64_dec.is_applicable("ZmxhZ3tiNjRfbWV0YWRhdGF9")
+    assert not b64_dec.is_applicable("A")
+    assert b64_dec.attempt_single("ZmxhZ3tiNjRfbWV0YWRhdGF9") == "flag{b64_metadata}"
+    
+    # Assert Rot13Decoder validates correctly
+    rot_dec = Rot13Decoder()
+    assert rot_dec.name == "rot13"
+    assert rot_dec.attempt_single("synt{ebg13}") == "flag{rot13}"
+    assert rot_dec.attempt_single("abezny grkg") is None  # Fails validate check
+# }}}
+
+
+
+

tests/test_helpers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# tests/test_helpers.py
+from pathlib import Path
+from ctf.helpers import check_for_flag
+
+# {{{ test_check_for_flag
+def test_check_for_flag():
+    """
+    Verifies that check_for_flag extracts multiple matching flags or returns empty list.
+    """
+    res = check_for_flag("flag{one} and flag{two}")
+    assert set(res) == {"flag{one}", "flag{two}"}
+    res_custom = check_for_flag("custom{first} custom{second}", r"custom\{[a-z]+\}")
+    assert set(res_custom) == {"custom{first}", "custom{second}"}
+    assert check_for_flag("no flag matches here") == []
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_is_valid_flag
+def test_is_valid_flag():
+    """
+    Verifies that is_valid_flag validates flags and supports uniqueness checks.
+    """
+    from ctf.helpers import is_valid_flag
+    # Valid flag
+    assert is_valid_flag("flag{test}")
+    # Invalid flag
+    assert not is_valid_flag("no flag here")
+    # Uniqueness check (success)
+    assert is_valid_flag("flag{new}", original="flag{old}")
+    # Uniqueness check (failure)
+    assert not is_valid_flag("flag{same}", original="flag{same}")
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_flag_detector_stream_detection
+def test_flag_detector_stream_detection():
+    """
+    Verifies that FlagDetectorStream successfully intercepts writes to output potential flags.
+    """
+    from io import StringIO
+    from ctf.helpers import FlagDetectorStream
+    
+    out = StringIO()
+    stream = FlagDetectorStream(out, r"flag\{[a-z_]+\}")
+    
+    stream.write("Some text before flag{my_flag_here} and text after.")
+    output = out.getvalue()
+    assert "Potential flag(s) detected in command output" in output
+    assert "flag{my_flag_here}" in output
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_flag_detector_stream_anchored_stripping
+def test_flag_detector_stream_anchored_stripping():
+    """
+    Verifies that FlagDetectorStream strips standard anchors ^ and $ to support substring searches.
+    """
+    from io import StringIO
+    from ctf.helpers import FlagDetectorStream
+    
+    out = StringIO()
+    stream = FlagDetectorStream(out, r"^flag\{[a-z_]+\}$")
+    
+    stream.write("random flag{my_flag_here} data")
+    output = out.getvalue()
+    assert "Potential flag(s) detected in command output" in output
+    assert "flag{my_flag_here}" in output
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_flag_detector_stream_no_pattern
+def test_flag_detector_stream_no_pattern():
+    """
+    Verifies that FlagDetectorStream passes through text unmodified if no flag pattern is configured.
+    """
+    from io import StringIO
+    from ctf.helpers import FlagDetectorStream
+    
+    out = StringIO()
+    stream = FlagDetectorStream(out, "")
+    
+    stream.write("normal output flag{hello}")
+    assert out.getvalue() == "normal output flag{hello}"
+# }}}
+
+# {{{ test_flag_detector_stream_persistence
+def test_flag_detector_stream_persistence():
+    """
+    Verifies that FlagDetectorStream writes the detected flag to config.toml.
+    """
+    from io import StringIO
+    from ctf.helpers import FlagDetectorStream
+    from ctf.config import Config
+    
+    out = StringIO()
+    stream = FlagDetectorStream(out, r"flag\{[a-z_]+\}")
+    stream.write("found flag{persisted_flag} in stdout")
+    
+    # Reload config and check last_flag
+    cfg = Config()
+    assert cfg.data.get("Competition", {}).get("last_flag") == "flag{persisted_flag}"
+# }}}
+
+

tests/test_main.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# tests/test_main.py
 import sys
 import pytest
 from unittest.mock import patch
@@ -17,141 +18,22 @@ def test_main_entry_point_help():
         # Verify it exits with a successful exit code (0)
         assert exc_info.value.code == 0
 
-def test_flag_detector_stream_detection():
+# {{{ test_debug_exception_handler
+def test_debug_exception_handler():
     """
-    Verifies that FlagDetectorStream successfully intercepts writes to output potential flags.
+    Verifies that debug_exception_handler prints traceback and invokes pdb.post_mortem.
     """
-    from io import StringIO
+    from ctf.main import debug_exception_handler
-    from ctf.main import FlagDetectorStream
+    from unittest.mock import patch, MagicMock
     
-    out = StringIO()
+    mock_tb = MagicMock()
-    stream = FlagDetectorStream(out, r"flag\{[a-z_]+\}")
+    exc_val = ValueError("test error")
-    
+    with patch("traceback.print_exception") as mock_print, \
-    stream.write("Some text before flag{my_flag_here} and text after.")
+         patch("pdb.post_mortem") as mock_pm:
-    output = out.getvalue()
+         
-    assert "Potential flag(s) detected in command output" in output
+        debug_exception_handler(ValueError, exc_val, mock_tb)
-    assert "flag{my_flag_here}" in output
-
-def test_flag_detector_stream_anchored_stripping():
-    """
-    Verifies that FlagDetectorStream strips standard anchors ^ and $ to support substring searches.
-    """
-    from io import StringIO
-    from ctf.main import FlagDetectorStream
-    
-    out = StringIO()
-    stream = FlagDetectorStream(out, r"^flag\{[a-z_]+\}$")
-    
-    stream.write("random flag{my_flag_here} data")
-    output = out.getvalue()
-    assert "Potential flag(s) detected in command output" in output
-    assert "flag{my_flag_here}" in output
-
-def test_flag_detector_stream_no_pattern():
-    """
-    Verifies that FlagDetectorStream passes through text unmodified if no flag pattern is configured.
-    """
-    from io import StringIO
-    from ctf.main import FlagDetectorStream
-    
-    out = StringIO()
-    stream = FlagDetectorStream(out, "")
-    
-    stream.write("normal output flag{hello}")
-    assert out.getvalue() == "normal output flag{hello}"
-
-def test_flag_detector_stream_persistence():
-    """
-    Verifies that FlagDetectorStream writes the detected flag to config.toml.
-    """
-    from io import StringIO
-    from ctf.main import FlagDetectorStream
-    from ctf.utils import load_config, write_config
-    from pathlib import Path
-    
-    config_file = Path("/home/venus/code/ctf/config.toml")
-    original_config = load_config(str(config_file))
-    
-    try:
-        out = StringIO()
-        stream = FlagDetectorStream(out, r"flag\{[a-z_]+\}")
-        stream.write("found flag{persisted_flag} in stdout")
         
-        # Reload config and check last_flag
+        mock_print.assert_called_once_with(ValueError, exc_val, mock_tb)
-        updated_config = load_config(str(config_file))
+        mock_pm.assert_called_once_with(mock_tb)
-        assert updated_config.get("Competition", {}).get("last_flag") == "flag{persisted_flag}"
+# }}}
-    finally:
-        write_config(original_config, str(config_file))
-
-def test_flag_cmd_cli():
-    """
-    Verifies the ctf flag command outputs last_flag with and without --plain.
-    """
-    from click.testing import CliRunner
-    from ctf.main import cli
-    from ctf.utils import load_config, write_config
-    from pathlib import Path
-    
-    config_file = Path("/home/venus/code/ctf/config.toml")
-    original_config = load_config(str(config_file))
-    
-    try:
-        # Pre-set last_flag in config
-        temp_config = load_config(str(config_file))
-        if "Competition" not in temp_config:
-            temp_config["Competition"] = {}
-        temp_config["Competition"]["last_flag"] = "flag{test_cli_flag}"
-        write_config(temp_config, str(config_file))
-        
-        runner = CliRunner()
-        
-        # Test standard flag command output
-        result_std = runner.invoke(cli, ["flag"])
-        assert result_std.exit_code == 0
-        assert "Last detected flag: flag{test_cli_flag}" in result_std.output
-        
-        # Test plain flag command output (no flavor text, has newline)
-        result_plain = runner.invoke(cli, ["flag", "--plain"])
-        assert result_plain.exit_code == 0
-        assert result_plain.output.strip() == "flag{test_cli_flag}"
-    finally:
-        write_config(original_config, str(config_file))
-
-
-def test_flag_cmd_exemption(capsys):
-    """
-    Verifies that running ctf flag is exempted from triggering the stdout flag warning box.
-    """
-    from ctf.main import main
-    from ctf.utils import load_config, write_config
-    from pathlib import Path
-    import sys
-    from unittest.mock import patch
-    import pytest
-    
-    config_file = Path("/home/venus/code/ctf/config.toml")
-    original_config = load_config(str(config_file))
-    
-    try:
-        temp_config = load_config(str(config_file))
-        if "Competition" not in temp_config:
-            temp_config["Competition"] = {}
-        temp_config["Competition"]["flag_format"] = r"flag\{[a-z_]+\}"
-        temp_config["Competition"]["last_flag"] = "flag{test_exempt_flag}"
-        write_config(temp_config, str(config_file))
-        
-        with patch.object(sys, "argv", ["ctf", "flag"]):
-            with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as exc_info:
-                main()
-            assert exc_info.value.code == 0
-            
-        captured = capsys.readouterr()
-        # Verify that the warning box is NOT in stdout
-        assert "Potential flag(s) detected in command output" not in captured.out
-        # Verify that the actual flag info IS printed
-        assert "Last detected flag: flag{test_exempt_flag}" in captured.out
-    finally:
-        write_config(original_config, str(config_file))
-
-